A novel sonoelectrochemical catalytic oxidation-driven process using a nanocoated electrode to treat methylene blue (MB) wastewater was developed. The nano-scale (nanocoated) electrode generated more hydroxyl radicals than non-nano-scale (non-nanocoated) electrodes did. However, hydroxyl radicals were easily adsorbed by the nanomaterial and thus were not able to enter the solution. Supersonic waves were found to enhance the mass-transfer effect on the nanocoated electrode surface, resulting in rapid diffusion of the generated hydroxyl radicals into the solution. In solution, the hydroxyl radicals then reacted with organic pollutants in the presence of ultrasonic waves. The effect of the nanocoated electrode on the MB wastewater treatment process was enhanced by ultrasound when compared to the non-nanocoated electrode used under the same conditions. The synergy of the nanocoated electrode and ultrasonic waves towards MB degradation was then studied. The optimum operating conditions resulted in a 92% removal efficiency for TOC and consisted of a current of 600 mA, an ultrasound frequency of 45 kHz, and a supersonic power of 250 W. The mechanism of ultrasound enhancement of the nanocoated electrode activity with respect to MB treatment is discussed. The reaction intermediates of the sonoelectrochemical catalytic oxidation process were monitored, and degradation pathways were proposed. The sonoelectrochemical catalytic oxidation-driven process using nanocoated electrodes was found to be a very efficient method for the treatment of non-biodegradable wastewater.
Emerging millimeter-wave (mmW) wireless systems require beamforming and multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO) approaches in order to mitigate path loss, obstructions, and attenuation of the communication channel. Sharp mmW beams are essential for this purpose and must support baseband bandwidths of at least 1 GHz to facilitate higher system capacity. This paper explores a baseband multibeamforming method based on the spatial Fourier transform. Approximate computing techniques are used to propose a lowcomplexity fast algorithm with sparse factorizations that neatly map to integer W/L ratios in CMOS current mirrors. The resulting approximate fast Fourier transform (FFT) can thus be efficiently realized using CMOS analog integrated circuits to generate multiple, parallel mmW beams in both transmit and receive modes. The paper proposes both 8-and 16-point approximate-FFT algorithms together with circuit theory and design information for 65-nm CMOS implementations. Postlayout simulations of the 8-point circuit in Cadence Spectre provide well-defined mmW beam shapes, a baseband bandwidth of 2.7 GHz, a power consumption of 70 mW, and a dynamic range >42.2 dB. Preliminary experimental results confirm the basic functionality of the 8-beam circuit. Schematic-level analysis of the 16-beam I/Q version show worst-case and average side lobe levels of −10.2 dB and −12.2 dB at 1 GHz bandwidth, and −9.1 dB and −11.3 dB at 1.5 GHz bandwidth. The proposed multibeam architectures have the potential to reduce circuit area and power requirements while meeting the bandwidth requirements of emerging 5G baseband systems.
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