Tetranychus urticae is an important agricultural pest that feeds on more than 1100 plant species. To investigate gene expression network in development process of deutonymph, a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of different developmental time points of deutonymph in T. urticae was performed. Comparing with expression profile of 7 h, 309, 876, 2736, and 3432 differential expression genes were detected at time points 14 h, 21 h, 28 h, and 35 h, respectively. The expression dynamic analysis indicated that genes in hormone- (ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone) and cuticle- (chitin and cuticle proteins) related pathways were indispensable for development process in deutonymph. Among hormone related pathway genes, the ecdysteroid biosynthesis pathway genes were highly expressed at the growth period of development process, which is opposite to the expression patterns of juvenile hormone biosynthesis pathway genes. For cuticle related pathway genes, 13 chitinase genes were identified in the genome of T. urticae, and 8 chitinase genes were highly expressed in different time points of developmental process in the deutonymph of T. urticae. Additionally, 59 cuticle protein genes were identified from genome, and most of the cuticle protein genes were expressed in the molting period of developmental process in deutonymph. This study reveals critical genes involved in the development process of deutonymph and also provides comprehensive development transcriptome information for finding more molecular targets to control this pest.
In this paper, we provide a comparative survey of ontogenetic development of chaetotaxy in the family Tenuipalpidae, with the aim to compare patterns among species/genera and to discover some general trends. We also want to find gaps within published literature and provide suggestions for future studies. Although we focused on the ontogeny of setal developments, we also reviewed sexual dimorphism in chaetotaxy in the family Tenuipalpidae.
New data of Torrenticolidae Piersig, 1902 are presented in this paper from Wuyishan National Nature Reserve, P. R. China. Three new species, Torrenticola suptilisrostrum Gu & Guo sp. nov., Torrenticola spinextension Gu & Guo sp. nov. and Torrenticola wuyiensis Gu & Guo sp. nov. are described and illustrated in detail, and one new record for Chinese fauna is given, Torrenticola dentifera Wiles, 1991, which was originally described from Malaysia. In addition, an updated key is provided to all species of Torrenticolidae in China.
Predator-prey interactions have long been of great interest to ecologists. Although the direct consumptive effects have received extensive research, indirect influences of odour derived from their conspecifics and prey on predators have largely been underestimated and overlooked. In this study, the indirect effects of predator-prey interactions were determined with predatory mites Neoseiulus cucumeris and its factitious prey Tyrophagus putrescentiae. The responses of immature N. cucumeris to mixed odour with their conspecifics and prey were determined in a laboratory experiment. Our results showed that the mixed odour with their conspecifics did not demonstrate any obvious influences on the survival rates, developmental periods, predation rates and activities of the predatory mites. Intriguingly, the predators prolonged their protonymphal stage and consumed more prey eggs when exposed to mixed odour with their prey. Our results indicated that the mixed odour with their conspecifics was weak and its influence was insignificant for this species, but the prey odour showed a signifcant influence on the growth and consumption rates of immature predators, which highlighted that the indirect influences of predator-prey interactions on the predator were substantial and cannot be neglected.
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