Transcriptome Analysis of Hormone-and Cuticle-Related Genes in the Development Process of Deutonymph in Tetranychus urticae

Li, Gang; Gu, Xinyao; Gui, Shun‐Hua; Guo, Jianjun; Yi, Tian‐Ci; Jin, Dao‐Chao

doi:10.3390/insects12080736

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…S3B). The second dataset (Li et al ., 2021) on the development of T. urticae deutonymphs could be divided into period I (7–21 h, growth/feeding stages), where the expression of all GARP genes was upregulated, and period II (28–35 h, molting/nonfeeding stages), where the expression of all GARP genes was downregulated (Fig. S3C).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our feeding and host plant transfer experiments revealed that GARPs play an important role in spider mite–plant interactions. We found that GARP genes were strongly expressed following transfer to host plants, but changes in the expression of GARP genes were not correlated with changes in detoxification or molting transcriptomes (Li et al ., 2021; Xu et al ., 2021). Additional analysis of T. urticae showed that the expression of GARP genes could be induced by transfer to the same host to which it is adapted as well as to a novel host to which it is not adapted, suggesting there is a link between GARPs and host plant feeding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The expression of GARP genes was analyzed using a previously published RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) dataset (Grbic et al ., 2011; Li et al ., 2021; Xu et al ., 2021). We assessed the expression of 9 GARP genes in T. urticae (London reference strain) throughout development and during transfer from a benign host (the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris ) to 2 more challenging hosts ( Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato, S. lycopersicum ) for 12 h using a previously published RNA‐seq dataset (Grbic et al ., 2011).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We analyzed the transcriptome profiles of two abamectin‐resistant populations (NB‐ZJ and SY‐BJ) and one susceptible strain (Lab‐SS) of T. urticae to identify differentially expressed GARP genes (Xu et al ., 2021). The other databases were transcriptomes of T. urticae deutonymphs at different developmental time points (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 h) (Li et al ., 2021).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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GARP: A family of glycine and alanine‐rich proteins that helps spider mites feed on plants

Sun

Shi

et al. 2023

Insect Science

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Spider mites (Tetranychidae) are destructive agricultural pests which have evolved strategies to overcome plant defenses, such as the ability to puncture the leaves of their hosts to feed. The expression of many genes with unknown functions is altered during feeding, but little is known about the role of these genes in plant–mite interactions. Here, we identified 3 novel gene families through analysis of genomic and transcriptomic data from 3 spider mite species. These GARP family genes encode glycine and alanine‐rich proteins; they are present in mites (Acariformes) but absent in ticks (Parasitiformes) in the subclass Acari, indicating that these genes have undergone a significant expansion in spider mites and thus play important adaptive roles. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the expression of GARP genes is strongly correlated with feeding and the transfer to new hosts. We used RNA interference to silence GARP1d in the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, which inhibited feeding and egg laying and significantly increased mortality when the mites were transferred to soybean shoots; a similar effect was observed after TuVATPase was silenced. However, no changes in mite mortality were observed after TuGARP1d‐silenced mites were placed on an artificial diet, which was different from the effect of TuVATPase silencing. Our results indicate that GARP family members play important roles in mite–plant interactions. Additional studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying these interactions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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GARP: A family of glycine and alanine‐rich proteins that helps spider mites feed on plants

Sun

Shi

et al. 2023

Insect Science

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“…Individual chitinases are expressed differently at different developmental stages and in different tissues (Arakane & Muthukrishnan, 2010; Merzendorfer, 2013). According to a recent study, eight chitinase genes in the deutonymph of Tetranychus urticae and nine chitinase genes from Rhodnius prolixus showed personalised expression patterns during various stages of development (Li et al, 2021; Gama et al, 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Function analysis and characterisation of a novel chitinase, MdCht9, in Musca domestica

Zhao,

Li,

Jiao

et al. 2023

Insect Molecular Biology

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Insect chitinases have been proposed as potential targets for pest control. In this work, a novel group IV chitinase gene, MdCht9, from Musca domestica was found to have multiple functions in the physiological activity, including chitin regulation, development and antifungal immunity. The MdCht9 gene was cloned and sequenced, its phylogeny was analysed and its expression was determined in normal and 20E treated larvae. Subsequently, RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated MdCht9 knockdown was performed, followed by biochemical assays, morphological observations and transcriptome analysis. Finally, the recombinant protein MdCht9 (rMdCht9) was purified and tested for anti‐microbial activity and enzyme characteristics. The results showed that MdCht9 consists of three domains, highly expressed in a larval salivary gland. RNAi silencing of MdCht9 resulted in significant down‐regulation of chitin content and expression of 15 chitin‐binding protein (CBP) genes, implying a new insight that MdCht9 might regulate chitin content by influencing the expression of CBPs. In addition, more than half of the lethality and partial wing deformity appeared due to the dsMdCht9 treatment. In addition, the rMdCht9 exhibited anti‐microbial activity towards Candida albicans (fungus) but not towards Escherichia coli (G−) or Staphylococcus aureus (G+). Our work expands on previous studies of chitinase while providing a potential target for pest management.

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The moulting arthropod: a complete genetic toolkit review

Campli,

Volovych,

Kim

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Exoskeletons are a defining character of all arthropods that provide physical support for their segmented bodies and appendages as well as protection from the environment and predation. This ubiquitous yet evolutionarily variable feature has been instrumental in facilitating the adoption of a variety of lifestyles and the exploitation of ecological niches across all environments. Throughout the radiation of Arthropoda that produced the more than one million described modern species, the adaptability afforded by segmentation and exoskeletons has led to a diversity that is unrivalled amongst animals. However, because exoskeletons cannot grow, they must be periodically shed and replaced with new larger ones to accommodate the growing individuals encased within. Arthropods must therefore undergo periodic moulting events, which follow a series of steps from the preparatory pre-moult phase to ecdysis itself and the post-moult maturation of the new exoskeleton. Each event represents a particularly vulnerable period in an arthropod’s life cycle, so the process must be tightly regulated and meticulously executed to ensure successful transitions for normal growth and development. Decades of research in representative arthropods provide a foundation of understanding of the mechanisms involved. Building on this, studies continue to develop and test hypotheses on the presence and function of molecular components, including neuropeptides, hormones, and receptors, as well as the so-called early, late, and fate genes, across arthropod diversity. Here, we review the literature to develop a comprehensive overview of the current status of accumulated knowledge of the genetic toolkit governing arthropod moulting. From the biosynthesis and regulation of ecdysteroid and sesquiterpenoid hormones, to the factors involved in hormonal stimulation responses and exoskeleton remodelling, we identify commonalities and differences, as well as highlighting major knowledge gaps, across arthropod groups. We examine the available evidence supporting current models of how components operate together to prepare for, execute, and recover from ecdysis, comparing reports from Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, and Hexapoda. Evidence is generally highly taxonomically imbalanced, with most reports based on insect study systems. Biases are also evident in the research on different moulting phases and processes, with the early triggers and the late effectors generally being the least well explored. Our synthesis contrasts knowledge based on reported observations with reasonably plausible assumptions given current taxonomic sampling, and exposes weak assumptions or major gaps that need addressing. Encouragingly, advances in genomics are driving a diversification of tractable study systems by facilitating the cataloguing of putative genetic toolkits in previously under-explored taxa. Analysis of genome and transcriptome data supported by experimental investigations have validated the presence of an “ultra-conserved” core of arthropod moulting genes. The molecular machinery has likely evolved with elaborations on this conserved pathway backbone, but more taxonomic exploration is needed to characterise lineage-specific changes and novelties. Furthermore, linking these to transformative innovations in moulting processes across Arthropoda remains hampered by knowledge gaps and hypotheses based on untested assumptions. Promisingly however, emerging from the synthesis is a framework that highlights research avenues from the underlying genetics to the dynamic molecular biology through to the complex physiology of moulting.

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Transcriptome Analysis of Hormone-and Cuticle-Related Genes in the Development Process of Deutonymph in Tetranychus urticae

Cited by 4 publications

References 27 publications

GARP: A family of glycine and alanine‐rich proteins that helps spider mites feed on plants

GARP: A family of glycine and alanine‐rich proteins that helps spider mites feed on plants

Function analysis and characterisation of a novel chitinase, MdCht9, in Musca domestica

The moulting arthropod: a complete genetic toolkit review

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