Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global chronic disease with a long duration and repeated relapse. Currently, there is still a lack of effective approaches to prevent IBD. Food-derived oryzanol (ORY) possesses extensive biological activities, such as ameliorating bowel diseases, antioxidation, and antiobesity. However, the mechanism of ORY in preventing colitis remains unclear. The present research aims to explore the potential mechanism of ORY in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-stimulated colitis in a rat model. The results showed that the symptoms of colitis were significantly improved with the administration of ORY. Mechanismly, the expression levels of Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), Claudin-1, Occludin, MUC2, and TFF3 were elevated through ORY treatment, suggesting that oral ORY relieved the degree of gut barrier damage of colitis rats. Meanwhile, 16S sequencing results found that ORY supplementation increased the abundances of Alloprevotella, Roseburia, Treponema, Muribaculaceae, and Ruminococcus, which are associated with the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Moreover, GC-MS results confirmed that ORY supplementation reversed the DSS-induced reduction of acetic acid, butyric acid, and total acid. Further research indicated that ORY intervention downregulated the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, which is closely linked to the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and colon injury. Taken together, ORY ameliorates DSS-stimulated gut barrier damage and inflammatory responses via the gut microbiota–TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling axis.
Geraniin, a typical ellagitannin isolated from Phyllanthus urinaria Linn, has been found to possess a range of bioactive properties. In the present study, we found that Geraniin showed potent anti-proliferative effects on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. The IC50 values were 9.94, 17.98 and 42.32 µM after 72-, 48- and 24-h treatment, respectively. Meanwhile, Geraniin could remarkably disrupt mitochondrial membrane potential and arrest S phase cell cycle. Western-blot analysis showed that Geraniin induced phosphorylation of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, and the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase-3 in MCF-7 cells. Moreover, Geraniin treatment activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and the effect was blunted in MCF-7 cells with the treatment of a specific p38 inhibitor SB203580. Geraniin could generate intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), activate p38 MAPK then induce the apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, such phenomena was abrogated by pretreatment with N-acetyl-l-cysteine. In general, these results support the conclusion that Geraniin-induced apoptosis is mediated via ROS-mediated stimulation of p38 MAPK signaling.
Deltamethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide with high insecticidal activity and a wide range of applications. However, with the increased amount and scope of its application, the accumulated toxicity of deltamethrin has gradually raised concerns. In this study, a bacterium strain, which used deltamethrin as its sole carbon source and was named ZJ6 (Lysinibacillus sp.-ZJ6), was isolated from soil samples collected from the sewage outlet of a pesticide plant in Tianjin. Based on morphological observations of ZJ6, as well as its physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence (Gen Bank Accession No. KU129013), the strain was identified as Lysinibacillus fusiformis sp.. A study of the degradation characteristics of ZJ6 revealed that the optimum conditions for shake flask fermentation to degrade deltamethrin by ZJ6 were as follows: pH 7.0, a temperature of 30 °C, a substrate concentration of 100-200 mg/L, an inoculation volume of 10%, and 7 days culturing at 160 rpm. Under these conditions, the degradation rate of deltamethrin by ZJ6 reached 57.2%. Preliminary sequencing of the ZJ6 genome showed that it has a total length of 3,921,852 bp and contains 4567 genes. The average length of each gene in the ZJ6 genome is 859 bp, and these genes account for 84.62% of the total genome length. KEGG metabolic pathway analysis revealed that genes involved in sugar metabolism and metabolism of exogenous chemical substances were significantly enriched in the genome of ZJ6. Comparison with the COG database showed that 2839 of the predicted protein sequences from the ZJ6 genome had COG numbers. Among all protein functions, the number of genes involved in general functions was the highest (372). For the first time, it was found that ZJ6 has relatively strong deltamethrin degradation ability and high value as a subject for further research. In addition, this study provides a reference to guide the preparation of pesticide-degrading bacterial agents and environmental remediation.
We examined how Raoultella ornithinolytica-ZK4 degraded pyrethroid pesticides within soil sediment from an abandoned pesticide plant. Lambda-cypermethrin and deltamethrin are two pyrethroid insecticides with high insecticidal activity and a wide range of applications. However, their increased use has raised concerns regarding toxicity and accumulation. We isolated a strain of ZK4 (Raoultella ornithinolytica-ZK4) from soil taken from a channel that surrounded a pesticide plant. We used enzyme localization to study degrading bacteria ZK4. The ZK4 strain underwent intracellular enzyme degradation. The degradation rates of lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin were 55% and 53%, respectively. The optimum pH of the two kinds of pyrethroids in ZK4 was 6.5, and their optimum temperature was 37 °C. The intracellular degradation of the crude enzyme produced by the ZK4 strain had a pH of 6.0–8.0 and a temperature of 20–42 °C. The ZK4 strain genome contained 5310 genes with a total length of 4,864,494 bp. Sugar metabolism and exogenous chemical metabolism accounted for the largest proportion of metabolic activities. We used the clusters of orthologous groups (COG) alignment and found numbers for 4686 protein sequences, accounting for 88.25% of the total predicted protein. ZK4 degraded lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin, and may serve as a reference for the preparation of future degrading microbial agents to assist with environmental restoration efforts.
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