Leaf color is one of the well-sought traits in breeding program for Anthurium andraeanum Lind. Knowledge of mechanisms in anthuriums to produce leaves with different shades of green would help to effectively select desirable traits. In this study, the micro- and ultra-structural and physiological features of leaves on wild type and leaf color mutants (dark green, rubescent, etiolated, albino) in A. andraeanum ‘Sonate’ were analyzed. Results show that chloroplasts of leaf color mutants exhibited abnormal morphology and distribution. Using next generation sequencing technology followed by de novo assembly, leaf transcriptomes comprising of 41,017 unigenes with an average sequence length of 768 bp were produced from wild type and rubescent mutant. From the 27,539 (67.1%) unigenes with annotated functions, 858 significantly differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, consisting of 446 up-regulated genes and 412 down-regulated genes. Genes that affect chloroplasts development and division, and chlorophyll biosynthesis were included in the down-regulated DEGs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis validated that the expression level of those genes was significantly lower in the rubescent, etiolated, and albino mutant compared to wild type plants, which concurs with the differences in micro- and ultra-structures and physiological features between these two types of plants. Conclusively, the leaf color formation is greatly affected by the activity of chloroplast development and pigment biosynthesis. And the possible formation pathway of leaf color mutant of A. andraeanum ‘Sonate’ is deduced based on our results.

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Topical drug delivery methods are important in the treatment of skin diseases. Drug nanocrystals, which are nanometersized particles of active pharmaceutical ingredients, offer efficient topical delivery with high stability, high drug loading capacity, steady dissolution, and sustained drug release profiles. The use of nanocrystals for the topical delivery of skin disease therapies is currently being evaluated; this review focuses on how nanocrystals facilitate active pharmaceutical ingredient transport across skin barriers, exploring the underlying transportation mechanisms of the nanocrystals and active pharmaceutical ingredient molecules to the dermal and epidermal skin cells. In topical delivery, previous skin treatments, choice of excipients and vehicles, and penetration enhancement strategies critically influence the topical delivery of drug nanocrystals. Various research and applications of drug nanocrystals in skin disease therapy are highlighted in this review, and intellectual property protection for drug nanocrystal formulations, clinical trial data, and products with commercial potential are also discussed.

In this paper, the variational inequality with constraints can be viewed as an optimization problem. Using Lagrange function and projection operator, the equivalent operator equations for the variational inequality with constraints under the certain conditions are obtained. Then, the second-order differential equation system with the controlled process is established for solving the variational inequality with constraints. We prove that any accumulation point of the trajectory of the second-order differential equation system is a solution to the variational inequality with constraints. In the end, one example with three kinds of different cases by using this differential equation system is solved. The numerical results are reported to verify the effectiveness of the second-order differential equation system with the controlled process for solving the variational inequality with constraints.