The oxidation of 5-hydroxylmethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a sustainable and promising route to bioderived aromatic polyesters. So far, the design of catalyst has been restricted by the unclear working mechanism, and thus most of the supported noble metal catalysts cannot provide a remarkable reaction rate under atmospheric pressures and room temperature. Here we report a new mechanistic insight into the structure–performance correlation of graphene-supported Pd catalysts. It is demonstrated that a new kind of highly porous nitrogen- and phosphorus-codoped graphene sheets (HPGSs) will enhance the fraction of surface Pd2+ species, which plays a determining role to reduce the activation energies of both HMF conversion and FDCA formation. Such a support effect may assist in developing highly active catalysts for FDCA synthesis under mild conditions.

Iva is effective in reducing heart rates and improving exercise capacity and noninferior to Aten in Chinese patients with chronic stable angina pectoris. Iva is well tolerated and safe.

BACKGROUND: Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is an important pest of citrus worldwide because it transmits the bacteria causing huanglongbing (HLB). We investigated the effects and persistence of two soil application rates of thiamethoxam on ACP populations in two flushing seasons in the field. Thiamethoxam and clothianidin residues in the fruit were detected to evaluate food safety.RESULTS: Soil application of 50% thiamethoxam water-dispersible granules at concentrations of 4 and 10 g tree −1 significantly decreased ACP populations, and there was a positive correlation between control efficacy and the persistence of thiamethoxam and clothianidin in leaves, providing longer-term protection for up to 90 days in the fall compared with 60 days in the spring. Higher thiamethoxam and clothianidin amounts were observed in new leaves than in old leaves. Thiamethoxam and clothianidin residues at a high rate in fruit were 0.012 and 0.010 mg kg −1 at harvest, respectively, and neither insecticides was detectable at low rates.CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that soil-applied thiamethoxam plays a role in defending ACP, and provides an extended period of control efficacy. This knowledge could provide a reference for the control of ACP by soil application of thiamethoxam to reduce HLB spread.