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Ionic liquids were used as solvents for dispersing luminescent lanthanide-doped LaF 3 :Ln 3+ nanocrystals (Ln 3+ ) Eu 3+ and Nd 3+ ). To increase the solubility of the inorganic nanoparticles in the ionic liquids, the nanocrystals were prepared with different stabilizing ligands, i.e., citrate, N,N,N-trimethylglycine (betaine), and lauryldimethylglycine (lauryl betaine). LaF 3 :5%Ln 3+ :betaine could successfully be dispersed in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C 4 mpyr][Tf 2 N], 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate [C 4 mpyr][TfO], and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C 4 mim][Tf 2 N] but only in limited amounts. Red photoluminescence was observed for the europium(III)-containing nanoparticles and near-infrared luminescence for the neodymium(III)-containing systems.

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m -a NaC1 (pH 6.5) and 0.005 kmol-m -3 Na2SO4 (pH 6.5), however, Sm dissolves actively from the corrosion potential and does not passivate.2. The thickness of passive films formed on Sm in solutions of phosphate (pH 2.98 and 6.86), borate (pH 8.45), and 0.1 kmol 9 m -3 NaOH (pH 13.1) increased with increasing potential. At a given potential, the thickness of the films was in the following order: NaOH (pH 13.1) < phosphate (pH 6.86) < borate (pH 8.45) < phosphate (pH 2.98)In any solution, the thickness of transpassive films increased sharply with increasing potential. 3. The optical constants, N2 = n2 -ik2, of passive films measured at 546.1 nm were dependent on the composition and pH of solution. The value of n2 for the films in the solutions examined increased in the following order: phosphate (pH 2.98) < borate (pH 8.45) < phosphate (pH 6.86) < NaOH (pH 13.1)The value of n2 = 2.00 for the film in NaOH solution (pH 13.1) is close to the refractive index of Sm203. The values of n2 for transpassive films were smaller than those for passive films and approximately independent of composition and pH of the solutions. 4. The passive film formed in an acidic phosphate solution (pH 2.98) is mainly composed of hydrous Sm(III) phosphate (SmPO4. xH20), and that formed in a neutral phosphate solution (pH 6.86) contains both SmPO4 9 xH20 and Sm(III) oxide. The passive films formed in neutral borate (pH 8.45) and alkaline NaOH (pH 13.1) solutions consist essentially of Sm(III) oxide and hydroxide. The transpassive film formed in the neutral phosphate solution (pH 6.86) is composed of SmPO4 9 xH20 and Sm(III) hydroxide, and that in the alkaline NaOH solution (pH 13.1) of Sm(III) oxide and hydroxide. ABSTRACTA study was made to correlate different electrodeposition parameters, like, e.g., cathodic overpotential, bath composition, and bath ageing, with characteristics as crystallographic texture and roughness, and the ductility of electrolytic copper foils. Copper foils with a low (220) preferred crystallographic orientation, and a smooth surface are obtained when depositing at 87 to 113 mV cathodic overpotential from copper sulfate solutions with a low chloride content. Under these plating conditions copper foils with the highest ductility were achieved.In comparison with cast and wrought materials, electrodeposited materials often suffer from a low ductility. So, as for example, cracks in printed circuit boards (PCB) are commonly attributed to the low ductility of copper deposited in the plated through holes (PTH) that act as connectors between copper layers within the PCB. As a conse-quence the electrodeposited copper cannot accommodate the deformation during soldering caused by the differential thermal expansion between the substrate of a printed circuit board and the electrodeposited copper (1, 2). Although, the ductility of the electrodeposited copper has been intensively studied (3-6), the relationship between ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS term...