Identifying corresponding objects from geospatial databases at different levels of detail is crucial, especially in multi-scale road network matching, which is the prerequisite of data conflation, updating and quality assessment. 'Stroke' has a considerable effect on automatic road network generalization, and is essential in the road network matching process. In road network generalization, topological relationships may change, and some roads may be deleted. In this paper, we propose a combined stroke-based matching approach of road networks considering the constraints of cartographic generalization for road networks under different scales. In the entire stroke matching, we utilize the modified Hausdorff distance for geometric similarity. We consider the topological differences in the structural similarity calculation and propose a new weight calculation method. Partial stroke matching can further identify the corresponding roads with changes and updates in different scales. We also propose a method of roundabout detection and matching. The proposed approach could not only match road networks with a small scale difference, but also road networks with a large scale difference. And it can successfully identify the M:N, M:1, 1:1, 1/M:1/N, and 1/M:1 matching relationships. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by experimental results.

Urban underground pipelines are known as "urban blood vessels". To detect changes in integrated pipelines and professional pipelines, the matching of same-name spatial objects is critical. Existing algorithms used for vector network matching were analyzed to develop an improved matching algorithm that can adapt to underground pipeline networks. Our algorithm improves the holistic matching of pipeline strokes, and also a partial matching algorithm is provided. In this study, appropriate geometric measures were selected to calculate the geometric similarity between pipeline strokes in their holistic matching. Existing methods for evaluating similarities in spatial scene structures in partial underground pipeline networks were improved. A method of partial matching of strokes was additionally investigated, and it compensates for the deficiencies of holistic stroke matching. Experiments showed that the matching performance was good, and the operation efficiency was high. geometric connection rules [5,12]. This principle was combined with the characteristics of road and water network spatial data to propose the stroke concept [12,13]. From a local indicator, two road segments can be connected on the condition that their deflection angle is less than a specified threshold. The deflection angle, which ranges from 0 • to 180 • represents the degree of deviation formed by two linked road segments [14], as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1a shows the pipeline spatial data organized in the traditional "node-segment" manner, and Figure 1b shows the data processed by stroke connection. There are four strokes: stroke1, stroke2, stroke3, and stroke4. "Good continuation" usually refers to an approximately level angle (180 • ) between segments. The geometric morphology of a stroke is characterized by a smooth and continuous distribution in space, which maintains the integrity of urban underground pipelines. Therefore, the stroke can be used as the basic unit for matching and analyzing urban underground pipelines.

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