BackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main etiological factor for cervical cancer and premalignant lesions of the cervix. The purposes of the present study were to determine the prevalence of type-specific HPV infections and the association of different HPV types with cervical dysplasia among women in Zhejiang province, Southeast China.MethodsA total of 15,267 women presenting to a gynaecological outpatient clinic were enrolled in this study. Women were screened for HPV in addition to routine cervical cytology testing. Microarray hybridization and liquid-based cytology tests were used to detect HPV genotypes and cervical cytology, respectively.ResultsBased on the population attending a gynaecological outpatient clinic, overall prevalence of any 23 HPV type was 22.8% and multiple HPV infection was found in 4.0% of all the outpatients. HPV prevalence showed bimodal age distribution, with a peak (55.7%) at the ≤20 age group and a second one (35.5%) at >60 age group. In total samples, the five most frequent types were HPV 16 (4.4%), 58 (2.9%), 52 (2.7%), 33 (2.2%) and 11 (1.9%). Overall HPV prevalence increased with the severity of the cytologic result. Analysis through crude odds ratios (ORs) revealed that the cervical lesion risk of HPV-infected women increased to about 26-fold of uninfected women (OR 26.1, 95% CI 22.4 to 30.3). The five most risky HPV types associated with abnormal cytology were HPV 73, 16, 82, 45 and 51.ConclusionsThis study provided baseline data on HPV prevalence in women attending a gynecological outpatient clinic in Zhejiang province. Our data will supply guidance for the primary screening and vaccination program for cervical cancer in this area.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0708-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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BackgroundHaemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) is one of the most important pathogenic bacteria causing respiratory tract infection diseases in children. There are two main types of H. influenzae, encapsulated H. influenzae and nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHi). Serotype b of H. influenzae (Hib) used to be the main epidemic type of H. influenzae, causing the invasive infection. However, the epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae disease has changed substantially, and most invasive diseases are now caused by NTHi and other serotypes of H. influenzae. The aim of this study was to determine the main epidemic strains of H. influenzae in Zhejiang Province in China, and establish a one-step multiplex PCR assay to distinguish H. influenzae from other bacteria associated with respiratory tract infections, and distinguish encapsulated H. influenzae from NTHi.MethodIn this study, bacterial culture and serum agglutination testing were used to determine the most prevalent serotype of H. influenzae, and the results have served as a gold standard for clinical diagnosis. We also designed a one-step multiplex PCR assay using several kinds of standard strains of respiratory tract infection bacteria, to examine the stability, specificity, and detection limit of the PCR assays. We then used 1514 nasopharyngeal secretion (NPS) samples collected from children with respiratory tract infections to verify the specificity and sensitivity of the PCR assay.ResultsThe bacterial culture and serum agglutination test results showed that the positive rates of H. influenzae and encapsulated H. influenzae were 18.49 and 1.18%, respectively. The PCR results showed that the detection limit of the multiplex PCR assay was 1.89 × 103 copies /μL, the ompP6 positive rate was 19.35%, and the bexA positive rate was 1.32%. The sensitivity and specificity of the multiplex PCR were 100 and 99.86%, respectively.ConclusionsAccording to our study, the most prevalent H. influenzae subtype in Zhejiang Province was NTHi, account for 93.57%; the one-step multiplex PCR assay we established can be used as the differential detection of clinical H. influenzae strains, replacing routine bacterial culture and serum agglutination testing.

It is occasionally essential to surgically remove the damaged eye of the patient in the case of serious oculoorbital injuries, intraocular cancers, and other life-threatening diseases. An orbital implant is placed into the anophthalmic socket after the eye is removed to provide adequate volume reinstatement and revamp the cosmetic look of a normal eye. In the previous few decades, implant design and material selection criteria have progressed from basic nonporous polymeric spheres to devices with more complicated shapes and functions to ensure improved long-term clinical results. Because of their highly interconnected porous design, ceramic and polymeric porous implants have found popularity as a passive framework for fibrovascular ingrowth, with lower obstacle rates and the option of setting to improve prosthetic eye mobility. These materials, however, are not without flaws. The danger of migration and extrusion, infections after surgery, and poor motility transferred to the cosmetic ocular prosthesis are important elements of orbital implants of today. As a result, the development of novel biomaterials with improved functionalities (i.e., antibacterial effect, angiogenesis, and in situ moldability) that allow better eye replacement is more desirable than ever, highlighting one of the most challenging aspects of research topics in the field of ocular implants. This study highlights the history of orbital implants. It gives an outline of current advancements in the area, over and above some essential observations for materials design, selection, characterization, and transformation to clinical applications.