Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), encoded by the ApoE gene (APOE), influences the outcomes of traumatic brain injury (TBI), but the mechanism remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different ApoEs on the outcome of TBI and to explore the possible mechanisms. Controlled cortical impact (CCI) was performed on APOEε3 (E3) and APOEε4 (E4) transgenic mice, APOE-KO (KO) mice, and wild type (WT) mice to construct an in vivo TBI model. Neurological deficits, blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability and brain edema were detected at days 1, 3, and 7 after TBI. The results revealed no significant differences among the four groups at day 1 or day 3 after injury, but more severe deficits were found in E4 and KO mice than in E3 and WT mice. Furthermore, a significant loss of tight junction proteins was observed in E4 and KO mice compared with E3 and WT mice at day 7. Additionally, more expression and activation of NF-κB and MMP-9 were found in E4 mice compared with E3 mice. Different ApoEs had distinct effects on neuro-function and BBB integrity after TBI. ApoE3, but not E4, might inhibit the NF-κB/MMP-9 pathway to alleviate BBB disruption and improve TBI outcomes.
The aim of this study was to provide information about the morphology and topography of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), its external features and branches, as well as its relationship to the inferior thyroid artery, the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage and the thyroid gland. The RLNs in 50 adult cadavers (100 sides) were dissected and analyzed. A communicating loop connecting one branch of the RLN to another or a twig originating from the cervical sympathetic trunk was present in 13 of 100 sides. A double left RLN appeared in 2 sides; a right non-recurrent inferior laryngeal nerve appeared in one side. All of the RLNs, including looped ones, bifurcated into laryngeal branches and extralaryngeal branches, with most of the former further dividing into the anterior and posterior branches entering the larynx. The relations of the RLN to the inferior thyroid artery, the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage and the thyroid gland were inconstant. The information gained from this study will be of value in thyroid surgery.
Abstract. The heat shock protein 27-kda (HSP27) has been found overexpressed in several types of human cancer and is associated with treatment resistance and poor prognosis. Recent proteomic studies demonstrate that HSP27 is significantly overexpressed in colorectal cancer (crc). However, the relationship between HSP27 expression and patient prognosis remains nascent. in the present study, we aimed to investigate the expression of HSP27 and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters in crc patients. dysregulated expression of HSP27 was observed in neoplastic lesions, and appears to be involved in disease progression. immunohistochemical analysis showed that detectable HSP27 expression was found in 145/182 (79.7%) CRC cases. There was a significant correlation between HSP27 expression and TnM stage (P=0.003). Patients with low HSP27 expression had better survival than those with high HSP27 expression. additionally, multivariate analysis indicated that HSP27 expression is an independent prognostic marker for crc. These results suggest that elevated expression of HSP27 protein is a frequent event during the progression of crc. HSP27 might be used as a valuable prognostic marker for patients with crc. Introductioncolorectal cancer (crc) is one of the leading causes of malignancy-related deaths worldwide (1). The prognosis of crc patients remains poor, with a 5-year survival rate of ~45% reported in most studies, despite significant improvements in early diagnosis, surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy (2). although TnM (tumor-node-metastasis) stage has been accepted as the most significant and independent prognostic factor, there are still many patients at the same stage who have different clinical outcomes (3). Therefore, the investigation and application of molecular markers responsible for the development and progression of crc are of utmost importance.Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are detectable in virtually all organisms, from prokaryotes to mammals, and play a fundamental role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis (4). under physiological conditions, HSPs are constitutively expressed at a low level and function as molecular chaperones that fulfill important roles for protein folding, cellular signaling and protein degradation (5). HSPs have a stimulated synthesis in response to a variety of stressful stimuli (e.g., heat, heavy metal, infection or inflammation) and promote the refolding of damaged proteins (6). HSPs are classified by their molecular weight; the main HSP families comprise HSP110, HSP90, HSP70, HSP60 and the small HSPs (7).HSP27, a small HSP, is ubiquitously expressed at low levels in normal cells (8). in contrast, its aberrant expression has been reported in a variety of human cancers, including breast (9), ovarian (10), gastric (11), prostate (12), endometrial (13), liver (14), bladder (15) and leukemia (16). Furthermore, elevated HSP27 levels in breast, ovarian, gastric, and prostate cancer is associated with aggressive growth and resistance to chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and hen...
Colon cancer is the third most common malignancy and one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Neuronal pentraxin 1 (NPTX1) is associated with tumor progression in some types of tumors. However, its expression and role in colon cancer has not been yet reported. Here we observed that NPTX1 was down-regulated in colon cancer. Additionally, we explored the functional significance of NPTX1 in colon cancer. We found that over-expression of NPTX1 inhibited colon cancer cell growth by performing MTT, colony formation, Edu corporation assays, and cell cycle analysis. In vivo mouse experiments also confirmed the anti-proliferative role of NPTX1 in colon cancer. Further mechanistic study showed that over-expression of NPTX1 inhibited the expression of cyclin A2 and CDK2 in colon cancer cells, thereby regulating the Rb-E2F signaling. In summary, these findings reveal that NPTX1 suppress the colon cancer cell growth and might serve as a useful potential target for treatment of colon cancer.
BackgroundIn the pig production industry, artificial insemination (AI) plays an important role in enlarging the beneficial impact of elite boars. Understanding the genetic architecture and detecting genetic markers associated with semen traits can help in improving genetic selection for such traits and accelerate genetic progress. In this study, we utilized a weighted single-step genome-wide association study (wssGWAS) procedure to detect genetic regions and further candidate genes associated with semen traits in a Duroc boar population. Overall, the full pedigree consists of 5284 pigs (12 generations), of which 2693 boars have semen data (143,113 ejaculations) and 1733 pigs were genotyped with 50 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array.ResultsResults show that the most significant genetic regions (0.4 Mb windows) explained approximately 2%~ 6% of the total genetic variances for the studied traits. Totally, the identified significant windows (windows explaining more than 1% of total genetic variances) explained 28.29, 35.31, 41.98, and 20.60% of genetic variances (not phenotypic variance) for number of sperm cells, sperm motility, sperm progressive motility, and total morphological abnormalities, respectively. Several genes that have been previously reported to be associated with mammal spermiogenesis, testes functioning, and male fertility were detected and treated as candidate genes for the traits of interest: Number of sperm cells, TDRD5, QSOX1, BLK, TIMP3, THRA, CSF3, and ZPBP1; Sperm motility, PPP2R2B, NEK2, NDRG, ADAM7, SKP2, and RNASET2; Sperm progressive motility, SH2B1, BLK, LAMB1, VPS4A, SPAG9, LCN2, and DNM1; Total morphological abnormalities, GHR, SELENOP, SLC16A5, SLC9A3R1, and DNAI2.ConclusionsIn conclusion, candidate genes associated with Duroc boars’ semen traits, including the number of sperm cells, sperm motility, sperm progressive motility, and total morphological abnormalities, were identified using wssGWAS. KEGG and GO enrichment analysis indicate that the identified candidate genes were enriched in biological processes and functional terms may be involved into spermiogenesis, testes functioning, and male fertility.
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