As a common feature in a majority of malignant tumors, hypoxia has become the Achilles’ heel of photodynamic therapy (PDT). The development of type‐I photosensitizers that show hypoxia‐tolerant PDT efficiency provides a straightforward way to address this issue. However, type‐I PDT materials have rarely been discovered. Herein, a π‐conjugated molecule with A–D–A configuration, COi6‐4Cl, is reported. The H2O‐dispersible nanoparticle of COi6‐4Cl can be activated by an 880 nm laser, and displays hypoxia‐tolerant type I/II combined PDT capability, and more notably, a high NIR‐II fluorescence with a quantum yield over 5%. Moreover, COi6‐4Cl shows a negligible photothermal conversion effect. The non‐radiative decay of COi6‐4Cl is suppressed in the dispersed and aggregated state due to the restricted molecular vibrations and distinct intermolecular steric hindrance induced by its four bulky side chains. These features make COi6‐4Cl a distinguished single‐NIR‐wavelength‐activated phototheranostic material, which performs well in NIR‐II fluorescence‐guided PDT treatment and shows an enhanced in vivo anti‐tumor efficiency over the clinically approved Chlorin e6, by the equal stresses on hypoxia‐tolerant anti‐tumor therapy and deep‐penetration imaging. Therefore, the great potential of COi6‐4Cl in precise PDT cancer therapy against hypoxia challenges is demonstrated.
With the rapid development of 5th Generation Mobile Communication Technology (5G), late-model electromagnetic wave absorbing and shielding (EMAS) materials have proven to be the research emphasis of electromagnetic (EM) wave shelter. Great efforts have been made to optimize EMAS functional materials for diverse EM wavebands. [1] Each range of EM wave bands has a specific application in communication, electrical engineering, or information transmission. [2] For instance, ultrahigh frequency (UHF) EM wave of 0.3 < f < 3 GHz, also known as P/L/S or B/C/D/E band, is applied to television radar air navigation and mobile communication as well as microwave relay systems; the superhigh frequency (SHF) EM wave of 3 < f < 30 GHz, including S/C/X/Ku/K/ Ka-band or F/G/H/I/J/K band, is customarily adopted in digital telecommunication and satellite communication as well as waveguide communication. Moreover, EM waves in other frequency ranges, like terahertz wave and gamma ray, have been widely used in label-free DNA detection, high-temperature superconducting material research, radiographic testing, and even oncotherapy. In these cases, each specific application scenario requires specific EM waves in a specific frequency range, illustrating that EM wave clutters should be absorbed or otherwise shielded. Under these circumstances, developing novel and practical EMAS materials may meet the demands of EM wave science, especially in multifunctional fields.Traditional EMAS materials consist of resistance absorber, [3] dielectric absorber, [4] magnetic medium absorber, [5] and composites based on monomaterials as mentioned earlier, [6] including CuS, [7] MoSe 2 , [8] ferrites and alloys (Co x Fe 3Àx O 4 @C), [9] modified carbons (hollow carbon spheres), [10] etc. In the past decade, 2D transition metal carbides or nitrides, or MXenes, have been prefabricated and naturally applied to EMAS materials synthesis due to their outstanding EM wave loss capacity. [11] Many scholars have devoted themselves to MXene materials and structure design. The electrical conductivity of MXenes can reach 10 3 S cm À1 , leading to extraordinary EM wave shielding property. [12] Many reported MXene absorbers are monolayers, [13] whereas macrostructure design is introduced. Thus, macrodevices, like hollow MXene sphere foam, [14] are synthesized. It is
The ability of FLake, WRF‐Lake, and CoLM‐Lake models in simulating the thermal features of Lake Nam Co in Central Tibetan Plateau has been evaluated in this study. All the three models with default settings exhibited distinct errors in the simulated vertical temperature profile. Then model calibration was conducted by adjusting three (four) key parameters within FLake and CoLM‐Lake (WRF‐Lake) in a series of sensitive experiments. Results showed that each model's performance is sensitive to the key parameters and becomes much better when adjusting all the key parameters relative to tuning single parameter. Overall, setting the temperature of maximum water density to 1.1 °C instead of 4 °C in the three models consistently leads to improved vertical thermal structure simulation during cold seasons; reducing the light extinction coefficient in FLake results in much deeper mixed layer and warmer thermocline during warm seasons in better agreement with the observation. The vertical thermal structure can be clearly improved by decreasing the light extinction coefficient and increasing the turbulent mixing in WRF‐Lake and CoLM‐Lake during warm seasons. Meanwhile, the modeled water temperature profile in warm seasons can be significantly improved by further replacing the constant surface roughness lengths by a parameterized scheme in WRF‐Lake. Further intercomparison indicates that among the three calibrated models, FLake (WRF‐Lake) performs the best to simulate the temporal evolution and intensity of temperature in the layers shallower (deeper) than 10 m, while WRF‐Lake is the best at simulating the amplitude and pattern of the temperature variability at all depths.
Recent investigations reveal that lactate is not a waste product but a major energy source for cells, especially in the mitochondria, which can support cellular survival under glucose shortage. Accordingly, the new understanding of lactate prompts to target it together with glucose to pursue a more efficient cancer starvation therapy. Herein, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoplatforms are used to co-deliver -cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (CHC) and glucose oxidase (GOx) and fulfill the task of simultaneous depriving of lactate and glucose, resulting in a new nanomedicine CHC/GOx@ZIF-8. The synthesis conditions are carefully optimized in order to yield monodisperse and uniform nanomedicines, which will ensure reliable and steady therapeutic properties. Compared with the strategies aiming at a single carbon source, improved starvation therapy efficacy is observed. Besides, more than boosting the energy shortage, CHC/GOx@ZIF-8 can block the lactate-fueled respiration and relieve solid tumor hypoxia, which will enhance GOx catalysis activity, depleting extra glucose, and producing more cytotoxic H 2 O 2 . By the synergistically enhanced anti-tumor effect, both in vitro and in vivo cancer-killing efficacies of CHC/GOx@ZIF-8 show twice enhancements than the GOx mediated therapy. The results demonstrate that the dual-depriving of lactate and glucose is a more advanced strategy for strengthening cancer starvation therapy.
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