Self-framing is an important but underinvestigated area in risk communication and behavioural decision-making, especially in medical settings. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship among dispositional optimism, self-frame and decision-making. Participants (N = 500) responded to the Life Orientation Test-Revised and self-framing test of medical decision-making problem. The participants whose scores were higher than the middle value were regarded as highly optimistic individuals. The rest were regarded as low optimistic individuals. The results showed that compared to the high dispositional optimism group, participants from the low dispositional optimism group showed a greater tendency to use negative vocabulary to construct their self-frame, and tended to choose the radiation therapy with high treatment survival rate, but low 5-year survival rate. Based on the current findings, it can be concluded that self-framing effect still exists in medical situation and individual differences in dispositional optimism can influence the processing of information in a framed decision task, as well as risky decision-making.

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Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to systematically review the existing research and summarize the value co-creation mechanism between enterprises and users in crowdsource-based open innovation (COI). Design/methodology/approach-Crowdsourcing is an effective means for enterprises to launch open innovation. This paper will first introduce the concepts and forms of open innovation and crowdsourcing, and then define COI. Findings-This paper will analyze the key parties in innovative tasks, value co-creation mechanism that creates ideas, the interaction of key participants and the process of integrating internal and external resources to realize open innovation. Research limitations/implications-In the end, this paper will put forward the theoretical framework for future studies on the development of COI from the perspective of value co-creation. Originality/value-This thesis will first introduce the concepts and forms of open innovation and outsourcing and then define COI. Then it will systematically review the existing research studies and summarize the value co-creation mechanism between enterprises and users under COI model by analyzing the key parties in innovative tasks, value co-creation mechanism that creates ideas, the interaction mode of key participants and the process of enterprises integrating internal and external resources to realize open innovation.

We introduced and interpreted stress-related growth from the perspective of individual career development, to examine the relationship between work stress and self-efficacy, which is an indicator of internal career growth. We explored why some employees achieve selfdevelopment and growth in their career under stress but others do not. We used a 2-wave longitudinal design with engineers and accountants (202 valid samples) from the Chinese mainland. Results indicated that proactive personality had a significant moderating effect on the relationship between work stress and self-efficacy. Specifically, work stress increased the self-efficacy of highly proactive employees but decreased that of less proactive employees. This suggests that managers can moderately increase the work stress of employees with a highly proactive personality to promote their internal career growth.

Many employers are struggling with how to deliver attractive tasks on crowdsourcing platforms, where users can be effectively integrated into a company's tasks. In this study, the linguistic style of crowdsourcing task descriptions is investigated, and an analysis is conducted on how such linguistic styles are related to a task description's success in attracting participants. Based on uncertainty reduction theory as well as source credibility theory, an empirical analysis of 2,014 designing contests demonstrates that certain linguistic styles will reduce the uncertainty perceived by crowdsourcing solvers and increase employers' credibility, generating positive effects on participation. It is also found that these observed effects are moderated by the magnitude of the rewards offered for completing crowdsourcing tasks. The results of this study inform the theories concerned on crowdsourcing participation, linguistics, as well as psychological processes, while offering the industry insight on how to describe their own crowdsourcing tasks better.