Many commercial Ti-alloys contain 6 wt.% Aluminium and these alloys are prone to precipitation of α 2 (Ti 3 Al). Here, we investigate and quantify the effect of α 2 precipitation on strain localisation behaviour for Ti-6Al-4V with an equiaxed microstructure using High Resolution Digital Image Correlation (HR-DIC) in combination with Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD). HR-DIC has enabled us to quantify strain localisation, which shows that at 1% applied strain the strain heterogeneity in terms of maximum shear strain is about twice in the sample containing α 2 precipitates compared to the α 2-free sample. Theoretical slip trace angles for all possible slip systems were calculated using Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) orientation data and cross-correlated with experimental slip trace angles measured from nanoscale shear strain maps recorded by HR-DIC to predict the active slip domain. It has been found that while slip type activity in terms of frequency is strongly dependent on texture in respect to loading direction, the actual shear strain contribution from prismatic slip does increase significantly in the presence of α 2 precipitation. This experimental observation supports previous calculations of Anti-Phase Boundary (APB) energies for α 2 precipitates [1] where widely dissociated partial dislocations on the prismatic plane show a lower APB energy than the APB energy associated with shearing on the basal plane in α 2 .
Penicillium marneffei is a dimorphic fungus endemic in southeast Asia. The incidence of P. marneffei infection has increased greatly in this region with the spread of human immunodeficiency virus, but the infection routes and pathogenic mechanisms of P. marneffei remain poorly understood. P. marneffei is an opportunistic human pathogen exhibiting a temperature-dependent dimorphic switch. At 25 6C it grows as filamentous hyphae, whilst at 37 6C it forms uninucleate yeast cells and divides by fission. Dimorphic fungal pathogenicity is frequently associated with the dimorphic switch, but the mechanism that regulates the switch has remained obscure. In this report, two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis was used to investigate the proteins expressed differentially in the yeast and mycelial phases of a wild-type isolate of P. marneffei. Among thousands of protein molecules displayed, more than 500 showed differential expression between the two phases. In particular, 26 proteins were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight MS. Expression of catalase-peroxidase, isocitrate lyase, Hsp90, binding protein and cytochrome P-450 increased significantly in the yeast phase, whereas levels of poly(A) polymerase and SNF22 were reduced.
A novel medium Mn steel of composition Fe-12Mn-4.8Al-2Si-0.32C-0.3V was manufactured with 1.09 GPa yield strength, 1.26 GPa tensile strength and 54% elongation. The thermomechanical process route was designed to be industrially translatable and consists of hot and then warm rolling before a 30 min intercritical anneal. The resulting microstructure comprised of coarse elongated austenite grains in the rolling direction surrounded by necklace layers of fine austenite and ferrite grains. The tensile behaviour was investigated by in-situ neutron diffraction and the evolution of microstructure studied with Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD). It was found that the coarse austenite grains contributed to the first stage of strain hardening by transforming into martensite and the fine austenite necklace grains contributed to the second stage of strain hardening by a mixture of twinning and transformation induced plasticity (TWIP and TRIP) mechanisms. This hierarchical deformation behaviour contributed to the exceptional ductility of this steel.
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