The Telescope Array (TA) collaboration has measured the energy spectrum of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) with primary energies above 1.6 × 10 18 eV. This measurement is based upon four years of observation by the surface detector component of TA. The spectrum shows a dip at an energy of 4.6 × 10 18 eV and a steepening at 5.4 × 10 19 eV which is consistent with the expectation from the GZK cutoff. We present the results of a technique, new to the analysis of UHECR surface detector data, that involves generating a complete simulation of UHECRs striking the TA surface detector. The procedure starts with shower simulations using the CORSIKA Monte Carlo program where we have solved the problems caused by use of the "thinning" approximation. This simulation method allows us to make an accurate calculation of the acceptance of the detector for the energies concerned.
This paper describes the data release of the LAMOST pilot survey, which includes data reduction, calibration, spectral analysis, data products and data access. The accuracy of the released data and the information about the FITS headers of spectra are also introduced. The released data set includes 319 000 spectra and a catalog of these objects.
A calibration is made for the correlation between the X-ray Variability Amplitude (XVA) and black hole (BH) mass. The correlation for 21 reverberationmapped Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) appears very tight, with an intrinsic dispersion of 0.20 dex. The intrinsic dispersion of 0.27 dex can be obtained if BH masses are estimated from the stellar velocity dispersions. We further test the uncertainties of mass estimates from XVAs for objects which have been observed multiple times with good enough data quality. The results show that the XVAs derived from multiple observations change by a factor of 3. This means that BH mass uncertainty from a single observation is slightly worse than either reverberation-mapping or stellar velocity dispersion measurements; however BH mass estimates with X-ray data only can be more accurate if the mean XVA value from more observations is used. With this calibrated relation, the BH mass and accretion rate may be determined for a large sample of AGNs with the planned International X-ray Observatory mission.Proper interpretation of the first AGN X-ray quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO), seen in the Seyfert galaxy RE J1034+396, depends on its BH mass, which is not currently known very well. Applying this relation, the BH mass of RE J1034+396 is found to be 4 +3 −2 × 10 6 M ⊙ . The high end of the mass range follows the relationship between the 2f 0 frequencies of high-frequency QPO and the BH masses derived from the Galactic X-ray binaries.We also calculate the high-frequency constant C = 2.37 M ⊙ Hz −1 from 21 reverberation-mapped AGNs. As suggested by Gierliński et al.,where C M is the high-frequency variability derived from XVA. Given the similar shape of power-law dominated X-ray spectra in ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) and AGNs, this can be applied to BH mass estimates of ULXs. We discuss the observed QPO frequencies and BH mass estimates in the ULXs M82 X-1 and NGC 5408 X-1 and favor ULXs as intermediate mass BH systems.
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