BackgroundThe Notch signaling pathway regulates adult neurogenesis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression. The present study investigated the effect of miR-124a on the Notch signaling pathway in stroke-induced neurogenesis.Methodology and Principal FindingsWe found that adult rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia exhibited substantial reduction of miR-124a expression, a neuron specific miRNA, in the neural progenitor cells of the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle, which was inversely associated with activation of Notch signals. In vitro, transfection of neural progenitor cells harvested from the SVZ of adult rat with miR-124a repressed Jagged-1 (JAG1), a ligand of Notch, in a luciferase construct containing the JAG1 target site. Introduction of miR-124a in neural progenitor cells significantly reduced JAG1 transcript and protein levels, leading to inactivation of Notch signals. Transfection of neural progenitor cells with miR-124a significantly reduced progenitor cell proliferation and promoted neuronal differentiation measured by an increase in the number of Doublecortin positive cells, a marker of neuroblasts. Furthermore, introduction of miR-124a significantly increased p27Kip1 mRNA and protein levels, a downstream target gene of the Notch signaling pathway.ConclusionsCollectively, our study demonstrated that in vivo, stroke alters miRNA expression in SVZ neural progenitor cells and that in vitro, miR-124a mediates stroke-induced neurogenesis by targeting the JAG-Notch signaling pathway.

Background:The role of miRNAs in mediating stroke-induced neurogenesis remains largely unknown. Results: The miR17-92 cluster regulated ischemia-induced neural progenitor cell proliferation, and activation of the Shh pathway up-regulated miR17-92 cluster expression. Conclusion: The miR17-92 cluster plays an important role in mediating adult neural progenitor cell proliferation. Significance: The present study provides molecular mechanisms underlying miR17-92 cluster in mediating stroke-induced neurogenesis.

Stroke induces new myelinating oligodendrocytes that are involved in ischemic brain repair. Molecular mechanisms that regulate oligodendrogenesis have not been fully investigated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. MiR-146a has been reported to regulate immune response, but the role of miR-146a in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) remains unknown. Adult Wistar rats were subjected to the right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). In situ hybridization analysis with LNA probes against miR-146a revealed that stroke considerably increased miR-146a density in the corpus callosum and subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle of the ischemic hemisphere. In vitro, over-expression of miR-146a in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) significantly increased their differentiation into O4+ OPCs. Over-expression of miR-146a in primary OPCs increased their expression of myelin proteins, whereas attenuation of endogenous miR-146a suppressed generation of myelin proteins. MiR-146a also inversely regulated its target gene-IRAK1 expression in OPCs. Attenuation of IRAK1 in OPCs substantially increased myelin proteins and decreased OPC apoptosis. Collectively, our data suggest that miR-146a may mediate stroke-induced oligodendrogenesis.

Erythropoietin (EPO) enhances angiogenesis in the ischemic brain. Stroke induces secretion of tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a). We investigated the effect of TNF-a on EPO-induced in vitro angiogenesis in cerebral endothelial cells. Using a capillary-like tubular formation assay, we found that transient incubation of primary rat cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (RECs) with TNF-a substantially upregulated EPO receptor (EPOR) expression and addition of EPO into TNF-a-treated RECs significantly augmented the capillary-like tube formation. Blockage of TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) suppressed TNF-a-upregulated EPOR expression and abolished EPO-induced tube formation. Attenuation of endogenous EPOR with small interfering RNA (siRNA) also inhibited EPO-enhanced tube formation. Treatment of RECs with EPO activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-jB) and Akt. Incubation of the TNF-a-treated endothelial cells with EPO activated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), angiopoietin 1 (Ang1), and Tie2. Blockage of VEGFR2 and Tie2 resulted in reduction of EPO-augmented tube formation. These data indicate that interaction of TNF-a with TNFR1 sensitizes cerebral endothelial cells for EPO-induced angiogenesis by upregulation of EPOR, which amplifies the effect of EPO on activation of the VEGF/VEGFR2 and Ang1/Tie2 pathways. Our results provide the evidence for crosslink between TNF and EPOR to coordinate the onset of angiogenesis in cerebral endothelial cells.

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In this work, the orientation of the β variants within a single parent α grain on the α→β up-transformation induced by electric current pulses in a Cu-Zn alloy was investigated. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to determine the relationship between the α phase and the β variants. By EBSD analysis, it was found that crystallographic variant selection was observed not only across those prior α/α grain boundaries, but also within the α grain interior. Results revealed that the orientation relationship between the α phase and the β associated with nucleation from α phase was close to the Kurdjumov-Sachs (K-S) orientation relationship, which better described the orientation relationship for α nucleation within β grains.

In this paper, the martensitic transformation temperature, the microstructure and the crystal structure of the complicated martensitic phases of Ni56-xFe19Ga25Cox (x =0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6) alloys were investigated by DSC, XRD, SEM and TEM techniques. DSC results show that the martensitic transformation temperature Tm, which is above the room temperature, decreases with the increasing Co content. The microstructure of the Ni56-xFe19Ga25Cox (x =0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6) alloys is composed by the martensitic lath and randomly distributed γ phase. The 6M+14M mixed modulated martensite and the γ second phase were detected in the Ni53Fe19Ga25Co3 alloy by XRD and TEM tests.