Our preliminary study investigated: 1) differences of general behaviors between stereotypic (male, n=2, ST) and non-stereotypic (male, n=2, NST) stabled horses 2) the different reactions to enrichment items (hay nets, bedding straw and yoga ball) between ST and NST horses. The frequency of general behaviors, stereotypic behaviors and the reactions to enrichment items were recorded. The results showed that there was a significantly different frequency of ingestion, locomotion, standing alert, investigation and social interactions between ST and NST horses during 24 hours of observation (P<0.05). The ST horses performed weaving and wind sucking. There were significant differences in reactions, such as sniffing, watching and rolling when using enrichment items (P<0.05). The frequency of sniffing was the highest when bedding straw was used. The horses displayed watching behaviors when using yoga ball (P <0.05) and rolling (P <0.05) when using bedding straw. The frequency of sniffing straw bedding in NST horses was greater than that of ST horses (P=0.006). The NST horses preferred watching the ball (P<0.001). Only ST horses performed rolling when provided with straw bedding. In conclusion, the differences in general behaviors between ST and NST horses were established. Different reactions to enrichment items also occurred between ST and NST horses. A more extensive study with a larger sample size and a continuous recording of behavior for a longer period is recommended.
This is the first MEG study to investigate the spatio-temporal and frequency characteristics between bilinguals and monolinguals during a word-match paradigm. Mandarin-English bilingual speakers show stronger beta-band power suppression in the right supramarginal area when processing Mandarin. Results are potentially beneficial in determining language lateralization in epilepsy surgical candidates who are bilingual speakers. a b s t r a c t Objective: This study aimed to use magnetoencephalography (MEG) to examine the question of whether Mandarin-English bilingual speakers recruit the same cortical areas or develop distinct language-specific networks without overlaps for word processing. Methods: Eight healthy Mandarin-English bilingual adults and eight healthy English monolingual adults were scanned while single-word paradigms were audiovisually presented. Results: Our results showed significantly stronger beta-band power suppression in the right inferior parietal lobe (IPL) covering the supramarginal gyrus (BA 40) and angular gyrus (BA 39) for bilinguals when processing Mandarin versus English. Moreover, there were no significant differences between bilinguals and monolinguals in the left inferior frontal cortex (LIFC, BA 44/45) when both were processing their first language. Conclusions: These results support the view that Mandarin-English bilinguals have a shared neural system for word processing in both the first and second language, which is highly similar to monolinguals', but with stronger right hemisphere involvement. Significance: To our knowledge, this is the first MEG study to investigate the spatio-temporal and frequency characteristics between bilinguals and monolinguals, which provides us a new angle to better understand the language system in bilinguals' and monolingual's brain.
The potential benefits of music on animals might be through auditory enrichment which modifies the behavior of animals. Our preliminary study focused on using classical music for stabled horses which had stereotypic behaviors. The study was to investigate the effects of playing classical music on the general behaviors of stabled horses (n=4, performed stereotypies) in 5 periods. The 1st period was a 3-day control period during which no music was played. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th periods were 3-day periods of music. The 5th period was for 3 days when no music was played. During the days the classical music was played from 9:00 to 14:00. The behavior of horses was observed from 9:00 to 19:00. The results showed that the frequency of ingestion (P=0.003) and standing alert (P=0.004) during 10 hours observation were affected when music was played. When the periods of music increased, the frequency of ingestion increased. Meanwhile, there was a tendency for the frequency of standing alert to decrease, however, there was no difference in (P>0.05) between the different phases of music. The frequency of standing alert before the period of music was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the period after music. The frequencies of the total stereotypies (P=0.05) in 10-hours observation were affected by the periods of music. In conclusion, the classical music seems to keep the horse more relax according to the behavior results. The total number of stereotypies was reduced when classical music was played.
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