anode is approaching the theoretical capacity of 372 mAh g −1 and cannot satisfy the growing demand. Moreover, graphite anode undergoes severe capacity degradation and uncontrolled Li plating rather than Li intercalation below 0 °C. [2] Li metal anode, with high theoretical capacity of 3860 mAh g −1 and operational plating/ stripping at low temperatures, has been considered as the most promising candidate for high-energy-density batteries. Nevertheless, practical application of Li anode has been hampered by its uncontrollable dendrite electrodeposition, which lowers the Coulombic efficiency (CE) by reacting with electrolytes to form solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and deteriorates the structure of Li metal batteries. [3] Unlike graphite anode with stable SEI during charging, the volume expansion of dendrite growth induces rupture of the fragile SEI film during plating/stripping. [4] The fresh exposed Li causes continuous electrolyte decomposition, together with forming thick SEI film. Such SEI has low ion conductivity and high concentration polarization, resulting in uneven Li + flux and uncontrollable dendrite growth. [5] As temperature decreases, the increased ion desolvation barrier further exacerbates the dendrite formation and short-circuiting of the battery. [6] During discharging, the Li + desolvation at cathode increases the polarization and reduces the discharging capacity, especially at low temperature. The ion-dipole chemistry is important for Li metal batteries, because it can directly impact the process of the Li + desolvation and the formation of a passivation layer, resulting in uniform Li deposition and high energy density.The formation of Li + solvation sheath is the competition between cation-anion, cation-dipole, and dipole-dipole interactions. [7] Because the charge density is localized on small Li + (0.09 nm), the Li + -dipole interaction is far stronger than the interaction between Li + and the anion. [8] Hence, most studies focus on reducing the ratio of solvent-to-anion in the Li + solvation sheath or weakening the interaction strength between the Li + and dipole for fast Li + desolvation and subsequent SEI formation. To enhance the participation of anions in the solvation sheath, lithium trifluoroacetate (LiTFA) coordinated with Li + by strong polar groups (CO) has been used to regulate the solvation structure and enable low Li + desolvation energy. [9] Combined with fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), [10] Sluggish evolution of lithium ions' solvation sheath induces large chargetransfer barriers and high ion diffusion barriers through the passivation layer, resulting in undesirable lithium dendrite formation and capacity loss of lithium batteries, especially at low temperatures. Here, an ion-dipole strategy by regulating the fluorination degree of solvating agents is proposed to accelerate the evolution of the Li + solvation sheath. Ethylene carbonate (EC)-based fluorinated derivatives, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and di-fluoro ethylene carbonate (DFEC) are used as the solvating a...

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Despite achieving remarkable development, China’s agricultural economy has been under severe environmental pressure. Based on previous studies, the present study further considers the sources of agricultural carbon emissions in depth, estimates China’s agricultural carbon emissions from 1997 to 2016, and analyzes the agricultural pollution faced by China and its provinces. The study estimates the amount and intensity of agricultural carbon emissions in China from five carbon sources—agricultural materials, rice planting, soil N2O, livestock and poultry farming, and straw burning—and analyzes their spatial and temporal characteristics. The following results were obtained: (1) between 1997 and 2016, the amount of agricultural carbon emissions in China generally increased, while the intensity of agricultural carbon emissions decreased; (2) in the same period, the amount of carbon emissions from each category of carbon source generally increased, with the exception of rice planting; however, the amount of emissions fluctuated; (3) the amount and intensity of carbon emissions varied greatly among provinces; (4) the emissions from different categories of carbon source showed different concentration trends and agglomeration forms; (5) China’s agricultural carbon emissions showed obvious spatial correlation, which overall was high–high agglomeration; however, its carbon emissions gradually weakened, and the spatial agglomeration of agricultural carbon emissions in each province changed between 1997 and 2016.

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Environmental costs should be taken into account when measuring the achievements of China’s agricultural development, since the long-term extensive development of agriculture has caused huge environmental pollution. This study took agricultural carbon emissions as an undesired output to estimate the agricultural development efficiency in 31 provinces of China from 1998 to 2016, based on the green total factor productivity, as assessed by the slacks-based measure directional distance function and constructing the global Malmquist–Luenberger index. We measured agricultural carbon emissions in terms of five aspects: agricultural materials, rice planting, soil, livestock and poultry farming, and straw burning, and then compared the green total factor productivity index and the total factor productivity index. The study came to the following conclusions: (1) the green technology efficiency change was smaller than the technology efficiency change at first, but the gap between them is narrowing with time, such that the former is now larger than the latter; (2) the green technology efficiency was in a declining state and the green technology progress was increasing, promoting the green total factor productivity growth, from 1998 to 2016; and (3) China’s agricultural green total factor productivity increased by 4.2% annually in the east, 3.4% annually in the central region, and 2.5% annually in the west.

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Evidence shows that there are many work-related accidents and injuries happening in construction projects and governments have taken a series of administrative measures to reduce casualties in recent years. However, traditional approaches have reached a bottleneck due to ignoring market forces, and thus new measures should be conducted. This study develops a perspective of safety performance (SP) for construction projects in China and puts forward a conception of the safety information system by using several brainstorming sessions to strengthen the safety supervision of participants in the construction industry. This system provides rating information to the public, and bad performance contractors enter into a blacklist which will influence their economic activities. Considering the limited rationality of government and various contractors, this paper builds a reasonable evolutionary game model to verify the feasibility of the safety information system. The analysis results show that there is not a single set of evolutionarily stable strategies (ESSs), as different situations may lead to different ESSs. The efficiency of applying the safety information system (the blacklist) in the construction industry can be proved by reducing the government’s safety supervision cost and by enhancing construction safety at the same time.