Increasing demands for livelihood resources in tropical rural areas have led to progressive clearing of biodiverse natural forests. Restoration of abandoned farmlands could counter this process. However, as aims and modes of restoration differ in their ecological and socio-economic value, the assessment of achievable ecosystem functions and benefits requires holistic investigation. Here we combine the results from multidisciplinary research for a unique assessment based on a normalization of 23 ecological, economic and social indicators for four restoration options in the tropical Andes of Ecuador. A comparison of the outcomes among afforestation with native alder or exotic pine, pasture restoration with either low-input or intense management and the abandoned status quo shows that both variants of afforestation and intense pasture use improve the ecological value, but low-input pasture does not. Economic indicators favour either afforestation or intense pasturing. Both Mestizo and indigenous Saraguro settlers are more inclined to opt for afforestation.

No abstract

Roads are a pervasive form of disturbance with potential to negatively affect ecohydrological processes. Some of the most rapid growth in road networks is occurring in developing countries, particularly in the tropics, where political agendas are often focused on strengthening the economy, improving infrastructure, bolstering national security, achieving self‐sufficiency, and increasing citizen well‐being, often at the expense of the environment. We review what is known about road impacts on ecohydrological processes, focusing on aquatic systems, both temperate and tropical. We present seven cases that represent the broader trends of road development and impacts in tropical settings. Many of these process dynamics and impacts are not different from those experienced in temperate settings, although the magnitude of impacts in the tropics may be amplified with intense rainfall and lack of best management practices applied to road construction/maintenance. Impacts of roads in tropical settings may also be unique because of particular organisms or ecosystems affected. We outline a set of best practices to improve road network management and provide recommendations for adopting an agenda of research and road management in tropical settings. Importantly, we call for incorporation of transdisciplinary approaches to further study the effects of roads on ecohydrological processes in the tropics. Specific emphasis should also be placed on collaboration with governments and developers that are championing road development to help identify the drivers of road expansion and thresholds of negative impact, as well as methods of sustainable road construction and maintenance.

No abstract

No abstract

Con el objetivo de determinar el grado de conectividad estructural en el corredor de conectividad Podocarpus-Yacuambi (Yawi-sumak) en el sur del Ecuador, se evaluaron métricas del paisaje y se analizó la conectividad funcional en tres especies de mamíferos con requerimientos ecológicos contrastantes: Tapirus pinchaque, Sturnira erythromos y Cebus albifrons. El corredor tiene una extensión de 315346 hectáreas, la cobertura con la mayor proporción es el bosque (71%), paisaje correspondiente a un tipo de alteración “jaspeada”; sin embargo, este uso del suelo tuvo una de las mayores densidades de fragmento (0,25/100 ha), la mayor densidad de borde, contraste de borde y uno de los más bajos índices de conectividad, lo cual es indicativo de fragmentación. A nivel de paisaje, el índice de contagio fue de 74% y la conectividad con un umbral de distancia de 40 Km alcanzó el 74%. El hábitat óptimo para el Tapirus pinchaque abarcó la mayor proporción del corredor (78%), para Sturnira erythromos fue de 72%, mientras que Cebus albifrons obtuvo (29%). Los fragmentos de hábitat que pueden servir como puentes de paso para las tres especies se encuentran principalmente en los poblados de Tutupali, 28 de mayo e Imbana, por lo que es necesario priorizar estas áreas para hacer proyectos de producción sostenible y conservación. Aunque el bosque abarca una gran proporción de la zona, la conectividad estructural es baja debido a la fragmentación. La conectividad funcional para el tapir y el murciélago es óptima; no obstante, existen cuellos de botella en las zonas fragmentadas.

During the 1980s, reforestation programs using exotic species (Pinus spp.) were established in the páramo ecosystem of Ecuador. The aims of this study were: (1) to compare the natural regeneration between pine plantations (Pi) and natural grassland (NG) across an elevational gradient and (2) to identify the attributes of Pi and soil properties that were influencing herbaceous and woody plant composition and their plant cover. In total, six independent Pinus patula (Schltdl. & Cham. plantations (two per each elevation) were selected and distributed in an elevational range (3200-3400, 3400-3600, 3600-3800 m a.s.l.). Adjacent to Pi, plots in NG were established for recording natural regeneration. Both, namely the attributes and the soil samples, were measured in Pi. The results showed that natural regeneration differs significantly between both types of vegetation. As expected, NG holds more plant diversity than Pi; the elevational range showed a clear tendency that there was more herbaceous richness when elevation range increases, while the opposite was found for woody species. Moreover, attributes of Pi influenced herbaceous and woody vegetation, when saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) in the soil, basal area (BA) and canopy density (CD) increased, herbaceous species richness and its cover decreseased; and when Ksat and the acidity in the soil increased, woody plants richness and its cover decreased. The plantations have facilitated the establishment of shade tolerant species. More studies are needed to evaluate if removal with adequate management of pine plantations can improve the restoration and conservation of the native vegetation of the páramo ecosystem.Forests 2019, 10, 745 2 of 30 diversity of the ecological conditions linked to the glacial geomorphology that has resulted in a large number of different plant associations, each one with their typical species [6].Elevation is an important factor that shapes plant diversity in the páramo. The elevational gradients combine sets of environmental conditions such as: temperature, wind velocity, atmospheric gas composition, water availability, nutrient deposition and cycling, soil weathering and solar radiation, all of which determine the composition and structure of vegetation [7]. Based on the influence of these factors and vegetation structure, the páramo has been divided into three zones, from lowest to highest: subpáramo, páramo (páramo grassland) and superpáramo [8]. The subpáramo, also called páramo forest, shrubby páramo, subpáramo woodland and subpáramo elfin forest [9], is the transition zone (ecotone) between the forest (upper montane cloud forest) and the páramo grassland [8][9][10][11]. The subpáramo is usually an entangle of shrubs and small dispersed trees, gradually reduced in size, that gives way to grasses and herbs [9]. The páramo vegetation zone, also called grass páramo or páramo grassland, is characterized by tussock grasses dominated by species of Calamagrostis and/or Festuca. Finally, above the páramo, there is the superpáramo, which i...

Los artículos publicados se distribuye bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) basada en una obra en http://www. revistas.una.ac.cr/ambientales., lo que implica la posibilidad de que los lectores puedan de forma gratuita descargar, almacenar, copiar y distribuir la versión final aprobada y publicada del artículo, siempre y cuando se mencione la fuente y autoría de la obra. Director y Editor:Dr. Sergio A. Molina-Murillo Consejo Editorial:Dra. Mónica Araya, Costa Rica Limpia, Costa Rica Dr. Gerardo Ávalos-Rodríguez. SFS y UCR, USA y Costa Rica Dr. Manuel Guariguata. CIFOR-Perú Dr. Luko Hilje, CATIE, Costa Rica Dr. Arturo Sánchez Azofeifa. Universidad de Alberta-Canadá Asistente:Rebeca Bolaños-Cerdas Editorial:Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica (EUNA) Variabilidad intraespecífica en la calidad de semillas de especies forestales nativas en bosques montanos en el sur del Ecuador: Implicaciones para la restauración de bosques AbstractOne of the most important aspects in efficient plant production for restoration purposes is seed quality and its variability. The main goal of this study was to evaluate seed parameters according to the rules of "International Seed Testing Association" among different mother trees or individuals of seven native tree species (Cedrela montana, Morella pubescens, Inga acreana, Tabebuia chrysantha, Ocotea heterochroma, Oreocallis grandiflora and Myrcianthes rhopaloides) in two mountain forests in the Southern of Ecuador. These species were selected based on the ecological, socioeconomic importance, and their high potential for restoration. From a total of 35 mother trees for all species, seeds were collected in their fructification periods, and in the laboratory the following seed parameters were analyzed: purity, seed weight, moisture content, and germination; in addition, the coefficient of velocity of germination was determined as well. The results showed an intraspecific similarity in each species for the majority of seed parameters. However, the seed weight showed a high intraspecific variability for all species. The germination parameter showed differences among individuals for C. montana, T. chrysantha, O. heterochroma and M. rophaloides. In regard to the coefficient of velocity of germination, of species such as O. grandiflora and I. acreana showed a high coefficient in contrast to the individuals of O. heterochroma and M. pubescens. The information generated in this study could be a first step in the formulation of guidelines for the mass plant production for restoration purposes.Keywords: Andes, ISTA, mother tree, restoration, seedling production. IntroducciónEn los últimos años Ecuador ha emprendido varios programas de reforestación y restauración, y actualmente tiene como meta reforestar 220000 ha para el periodo 2014-2017 en el territorio continental, de tal manera que la restauración forestal sea equivalente a la tasa de deforestación (Ministerio de Ambiente [MAE], 2014). Así mismo Ecuador es parte la aspiración global de r...