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We proposed that although nudging may encourage participation, being nudged may undermine the intrinsic motivation of a donor's prosocial behavior in the eyes of an observer. In 3 studies spanning various contexts of prosocial nudging (Ns = 198, 141, and 267 university students, respectively), we demonstrated that observers perceived a donor who was (vs. was not) nudged as less intrinsically motivated to help others. The findings suggested that the perceived motive of a donor's prosocial behavior is inferred by observers not only from the behavior itself but also from whether or not the behavior is a product of nudging. By investigating the consequences of nudging from the observer's perspective, we have provided a new lens for understanding the role of nudging in the prosocial domain.

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Conventional wisdom suggests that people are less likely to help when doing so involves a high cost. However, through five experiments, this work demonstrates that when a donor's prosocial action is perceived as costlier, observers are more likely to follow the donor and engage in the same prosocial behaviour (Study 1a, N = 154; Study 1b, N = 127). The effect cannot be attributed to observers’ original preferences for costly prosocial action itself (Study 2; N = 401). Rather, it occurs because when the prosocial action is costlier, observers are more likely to perceive the donor as more intrinsically motived, which, in turn, enhances the desirability of the prosocial action, leading to a higher likelihood that the observers would engage in the same action (Study 3; N = 250). We further show that this effect is attenuated when the donor clearly demonstrates her/his extrinsic motivation (Study 4; N = 149).

This research explored whether the way companies frame their promotions can increase consumers' participation. Using two studies (Ns = 97 university students and 195 online participants, respectively), we demonstrated that compared with an individual-based promotion (i.e., a promotion targeting the individual consumer), a platform-based promotion (i.e., a promotion targeting all consumers of a given shopping platform) increased consumers' willingness to participate in a promotion campaign. This effect occurred because a platform-based promotion (vs. an individual-based promotion) increased consumers' perceived savings, further enhancing their willingness to participate (Study 1). We also showed that only consumers who were promotion sensitive responded more actively to a platform-based promotion than to an individualbased promotion (Study 2). Our findings contribute to the promotion and framing literature and provide practical implications for marketing communications.

Depression is a common mental health illness worldwide that affects our quality of life and ability to work. Although prior research has used EEG signals to increase the accuracy to identify depression, the rates of underdiagnosis remain high, and novel methods are required to identify depression. In this study, we built a model based on single-channel, dry-electrode EEG sensor technology to detect state depression, which measures the intensity of depressive feelings and cognitions at a particular time. To test the accuracy of our model, we compared the results of our model with other commonly used methods for depression diagnosis, including the PHQ-9, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), and House-Tree-Person (HTP) drawing test, in three different studies. In study 1, we compared the results of our model with PHQ-9 in a sample of 158 senior high students. The results showed that the consistency rate of the two methods was 61.4%. In study 2, the results of our model were compared with HAM-D among 71 adults. We found that the consistency rate of state-depression identification by the two methods was 63.38% when a HAM-D score above 7 was considered depression, while the consistency rate increased to 83.10% when subjects showed at least one depressive symptom (including depressed mood, guilt, suicide, lack of interest, retardation). In study 3, 68 adults participated in the study, and the results revealed that the consistency rate of our model and HTP drawing test was 91.2%. The results showed that our model is an effective means to identify state depression. Our study demonstrates that using our model, people with state depression could be identified in a timely manner and receive interventions or treatments, which may be helpful for the early detection of depression.