Deltatheroidans are primitive metatherian mammals (relatives of marsupials), previously thought to have become extinct during the Cretaceous mass extinction. Here, we report a tiny new deltatheroidan mammal (Gurbanodelta kara gen. et sp. nov.) discovered at the South Gobi locality in China (Xinjiang Province) that is the first Cenozoic record of this clade and renders Deltatheroida a Lazarus taxon (with a new record 10 million years younger than their supposed extinction). The vertebrate fauna associated with Gurbanodelta is most similar to that from the slightly older late Paleocene Subeng locality in Inner Mongolia. The upper molars of Gurbanodelta exhibit a broad stylar shelf with one prominent cusp (stylocone), and a paracone that is sharp and significantly taller than the metacone. The lower molar tentatively assigned to Gurbanodelta has a very small talonid without an entoconid. This combination of these features is known only in deltatheroidans. Phylogenetic analysis places Gurbanodelta as the sister taxon of the North American latest Cretaceous Nanocuris. Gurbanodelta is the smallest-known deltatheroidan, and roughly the same size as the smallest living marsupial. It is likely that the Gurbanodelta lineage dispersed between Asia and North America as part of known intercontinental mammalian dispersals in the late Paleocene, or possibly earlier.
Rodents of the extant family Gliridae, commonly called dormice, are common in European faunas since the early Eocene. Here we study for the first time specimens from St-Martin-de-Castillon C (France, early Oligocene) previously reported as Gliravus aff. majori and Pseudodryomys aff. fugax. We now refer them to Butseloglis tenuis and Microdyromys misonnei. Besides the French material, new specimens from Montalb an 1D (Spain, early Oligocene) are studied. They include: Butseloglis montisalbani and M. misonnei already known in the locality, but also Oligodyromys libanicus and Glirudinus aff. glirulus reported here for the first time. Previous phylogenies of the family only focused on extant taxa. Here we propose the first phylogenetic analysis of Gliridae including both extant and fossil taxa. The relationships between the taxa show several paraphylies at the generic level and suggest that the classification of the family needs a revision. Two main clades are revealed in our analysis, including most extant taxa, both of them being closely related to the Oligocene genus Microdyromys. By comparing the phylogeny to the evolution of species-richness through time, we show that glirids underwent three major diversification phases. The first diversification event involves several clades of late Eocene and early Oligocene glirids. The second diversification event involves the two main clades still represented today. They both started diversifying in the late Oligocene and led the species richness of the family to reach a peak at the end of the early Miocene. Finally, the third diversification starts in the middle Pliocene and involves mostly extant genera. These diversification phases might have been triggered by successive glaciation events that occurred in the Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene. A potential evolutionary advantage of this family successfully facing cold climatic events could be the ability to hibernate, acquired as early as the early Oligocene.
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