The cellular automaton (CA) method coupling fundamental metallurgical principles was used to simulate the initial microstructure and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) of 30Cr2Ni4MoV rotor steel. For the initial microstructure generation, reasonable transformation rules were established based on the thermodynamic mechanism, the activation energy and the curvature-driven mechanism. For the purposes of obtaining the material constants which were used in the CA model for DRX, including initial grain size, nucleation rate, softening parameter and activation energy, the hot deformation characteristics of 30Cr2Ni4MoV rotor steel were investigated by uniaxial hot compression tests on Gleeble-3500 machine. The effect of a wide range of thermomechanical processing parameters (temperature and strain rate) on the nucleation rate, the percentage of DRX and the final grain size were investigated. By comparison of the flow stress–strain curves and the metallographs, it was shown that the CA model coupling fundamental metallurgical principles can accurately simulate the microstructural evolution and the plastic flow behavior for 30Cr2Ni4MoV rotor steel at various deformation parameters.
Void closing from a spherical shape to a crack is investigated quantitatively in the present study. The constitutive relation of the void-free matrix is assumed to obey the Norton power law. A representative volume element (RVE) which includes matrix and void is employed and a Rayleigh-Ritz procedure is developed to study the deformation-rates of a spherical void and a penny-shaped crack. Based on an approximate interpolation scheme, an analytical model for void closure in nonlinear plastic materials is established. It is found that the local plastic flows of the matrix material are the main mechanism of void deformation. It is also shown that the relative void volume during the deformation depends on the Norton exponent, on the far-field stress triaxiality, as well as on the far-field effective strain. The predictions of void closure using the present model are compared with the corresponding results in the literature, showing good agreement. The model for void closure provides a novel way for process design and optimization in terms of elimination of voids in billets because the model for void closure can easily be applied in the CAE analysis.
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