There have been breakthroughs in the development of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with tunability of composition, structure, and function, but the synthesis of chiral COFs remains a great challenge. Here we report the construction of two-dimensional COFs with chiral functionalities embedded into the frameworks by imine condensations of enantiopure TADDOL-derived tetraaldehydes with 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane. Powder X-ray diffraction and computer modeling together with pore size distribution analysis show that one COF has a twofold-interpenetrated grid-type network and the other has a non-interpenetrated grid network. After postsynthetic modification of the chiral dihydroxy groups of TADDOL units with Ti(O(i)Pr)4, the materials are efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalysts for asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes with high enantioselectivity. The results reported here will greatly expand the scope of materials design and engineering for the creation of new types of functional porous materials.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as a novel platform for material design and functional explorations, but it remains a challenge to synthetically functionalize targeted structures for task-specific applications. Optically pure 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL) is one of the most important sources of chirality for organic synthesis and materials science, but it has not yet been used in construction of COFs for enantioselective processes. Here, by elaborately designing and choosing an enantiopure BINOL-based linear dialdehyde and a tris­(4-aminophenyl)­benzene derivative or tetrakis­(4-aminophenyl)­ethene as building blocks, two imine-linked chiral fluorescent COFs with a 2D layered hexagonal or tetragonal structure are prepared. The COF containing flexible tetraphenylethylene units can be readily exfoliated into ultrathin 2D nanosheets and electrospun to make free-standing nanofiber membrane. In both the solution and membrane systems, the fluorescence of COF nanosheets can be effectively quenched by chiral odor vapors via supramolecular interactions with the immobilized BINOL moieties, leading to remarkable chiral vapor sensors. Compared to the BINOL-based homogeneous and membrane systems, the COF nanosheets exhibited greatly enhanced sensitivity and enantioselectivity owing to the confinement effect and the conformational rigidity of the sensing BINOL groups in the framework. The ability to place such a useful BINOL chiral auxiliary inside open channels of COFs capable of amplifying chiral discrimination of the analytes represents a major step toward the rational synthesis of porous molecular materials for more chirality applications.

The modular construction of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) provides a convenient platform for designing high-performance functional materials, but the synthetic control over their chirality has been relatively barely studied. Here we report a multivariate strategy to prepare chiral COFs (CCOFs) with controlled crystallinity and stability for asymmetric catalysis. By crystallizing mixtures of triamines with and without chiral organocatalysts and with a dialdehyde, a family of two- and three-component 2D porous CCOFs that adopt two different stacking modes is prepared. The organocatalysts are periodically appended on the channel walls, and their contents, which can be synthetically tuned using a three-component condensation system, greatly affect the chemical stability and crystallinity of CCOFs. Specially, the ternary CCOFs displayed relatively high crystallinity and stability compared with the binary CCOFs. Under harsh conditions, the ternary CCOFs can serve as efficient heterogeneous catalysts for an asymmetric aminooxylation reaction, an aldol reaction, and the Diels-Alder reaction, with the stereoselectivity and diastereoselectivity rivaling or surpassing the homogeneous analogues. This work not only opens up a new synthetic route toward CCOFs, but also provides tunable control of COF crystallintity and stability and, in turn, the properties.

Layer stacking and chemical stability are crucial for two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs), but are yet challenging to gain control. In this work, we demonstrate synthetic control of both the layer stacking and chemical stability of 2D COFs by managing interlayer steric hindrance via a multivariate (MTV) approach. By co-condensation of triamines with and without alkyl substituents (ethyl and isopropyl) and a di-or trialdehyde, a family of two-, three-, and four-component 2D COFs with AA, AB, or ABC stacking is prepared. The alkyl groups are periodically appended on the channel walls and their contents, which can be synthetically tuned by the MTV strategy, control the stacking model and chemical stability of 2D COFs by maximizing the total crystal stacking energy and protecting hydrolytically susceptible backbones through kinetic blocking. Specifically, the COFs with higher concentration of alkyl substituents adopt AB or ABC stacking, while lower amount of functionalities leads to the AA stacking. The COFs bearing high concentration of isopropyl groups represent the first identified COFs that can retain crystallinity and porosity in boiling 20 M NaOH solution. After postsynthetic metalation with an iridium complex, the 2,2′-bipyridyl-derived COFs can heterogeneously catalyze C−H borylation of arenes, whereas the COF with isopropyl groups exhibits much higher activity than the COFs with ethyl groups and nonsubstituents due to the increased porosity and chemical stability. This work underscores the opportunity in using steric hindrance to tune and control layer stacking, chemical stability and properties of 2D COFs.

Mimicking cellular transport mechanisms to make solid-state smart nanochannels has long been of great interest for their diverse applications, but it poses a critical synthetic challenge. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are porous crystalline materials with tailor-made nanochannels and hold great potential for ion and molecule transport. We demonstrate here for the first time that 2D COFs possess the necessary merits to be promising solid-state nanochannels for selective transport of amino acids, which are the basis for life. By imine condensations of a C 3-symmetric trialdehyde and a mixture of diamines with and without divinyl groups, two vinyl-functionalized 2D COFs are crystallized. Both multivariant COFs afford straight 1D mesoporous channels formed by AA or AB stacking of layered hexagonal networks. After postmodification with chiral β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) via thiol–ene click reactions, the COFs are further fabricated into free-standing mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) that can selectively transport amino acids, as revealed by monitoring not only transmembrane ionic current signature but also concentration changes of permeated substrates. Specially, in the membrane system, the AA stacked COF exhibits higher chiral recognition capability toward histidine enantiomers than the AB stacked COF because of its uniform open channels decorated with β-CD. This work highlights the great potential of COF nanochannels as a platform for accumulating functional groups for selective transport of small molecules and even biomolecules in the solid state.

Synthetic control over chirality and function is the crowning achievement for metal-organic frameworks, but the same level of control has not been achieved for covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Here we demonstrate chiral COFs (CCOFs) can be crystallized from achiral organic precursors by chiral catalytic induction. A total of nine two-dimensional CCOFs are solvothermally prepared by imine condensations of the C3-symmetric 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) with diamine or triamine linkers in the presence of catalytic amount of (R)- or (S)-1-phenylethylamine. Homochirality of these CCOFs results from chiral catalyst-induced immobilization of threefold-symmetric tris(N-salicylideneamine) cores with a propeller-like conformation of one single handedness during crystallization. The CCOF-TpTab showed high enantioselectivity toward chiral carbohydrates in fluorescence quenching and, after postsynthetic modification of enaminone groups located in chiral channels with Cu(II) ions, it can also be utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst for the asymmetric Henry reaction of nitroalkane with aldehydes.

Fabrication of soft piezoelectric nanomaterials is essential for the development of wearable and implantable biomedical devices. However, a big challenge in this soft functional material development is to achieve a high piezoelectric property with long‐term stability in a biological environment. Here, a one‐step strategy for fabricating core/shell poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF)/dopamine (DA) nanofibers (NFs) with a very high β‐phase content and self‐aligned polarization is reported. The self‐assembled core/shell structure is believed essential for the formation and alignment of β‐phase PVDF, where strong intermolecular interaction between the NH2 groups on DA and the CF2 groups on PVDF is responsible for aligning the PVDF chains and promoting β‐phase nucleation. The as‐received PVDF/DA NFs exhibit significantly enhanced piezoelectric performance and excellent stability and biocompatibility. An all‐fiber‐based soft sensor is fabricated and tested on human skin and in vivo in mice. The devices show a high sensitivity and accuracy for detecting weak physiological mechanical stimulation from diaphragm motions and blood pulsation. This sensing capability offers great diagnostic potential for the early assessment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases and respiratory disorders.

The development of anhydrous proton-conducting materials is critical for the fabrication of high-temperature (>100 °C) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) and remains a significant challenge. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging class of porous crystalline materials with tailor-made nanochannels and hold great potential for ion and molecule transport, but their poor chemical stability poses great challenges in this respect. In this contribution, we present a bottom-up self-assembly strategy to construct perfluoroalkyl-functionalized hydrazone-linked 2D COFs and systematically investigate the effect of different lengths of fluorine chains on their acid stability and proton conductivity. Compared with their nonfluorous parent COFs, fluorinated COFs possess structural ultrastability toward strong acids as a result of enhanced hydrophobicity (water contact angle of 144°). Furthermore, the superhydrophobic 1D nanochannels can serve as robust hosts to accommodate large amounts of phosphonic acid for fast and long-term proton conduction under anhydrous conditions and a wide temperature range. The anhydrous proton conductivity of fluorinated COFs is 4.2 × 10–2 S cm–1 at 140 °C after H3PO4 doping, which is 4 orders of magnitude higher than their nonfluorous counterparts and among the highest values of doped porous organic frameworks so far. Solid-state NMR studies revealed that H3PO4 forms hydrogen-boding networks with the frameworks and perfluoroalkyl chains of COFs, and most of the H3PO4 molecules are highly dynamic and mobile while the frameworks are rigid, which affords rapid proton transport. This work paves the way for the realization of the target properties of COFs through predesign and functionalization of the pore surface and highlights the great potential of COF nanochannels as a rigid platform for fast ion transportation.