Cancer is the uncontrollable abnormal division of cell growth, caused due to the varied reasons. Cancer can be expressed in any part of the body, and it is one of the death-causing diseases. Human reproductive organs are commonly damaged by cancer. In particular, the women reproductive system is affected by various cancers including ovarian, cervical, endometrial, vaginal, fallopian tube, and vulvar cancers. Identifying these cancers at earlier stages prevents the damage to the organs. Aptamer is the potential probe that can identify these cancers. Aptamer is an artificial antibody selected from the randomized library of molecules and has a high binding affinity to the target biomarker. Targeting cancers in the reproductive organs using aptamers showed an excellent efficiency of detection compared to other probes. Different aptamers have been generated against the gynaecological cancer biomarkers, which include HE4, CA125, VEGF, OCCA (for ovarian cancer), EGFR, FGFR1, K-ras (for endometrial cancer), HPV E-16, HPV E-7, HPV E-6, tyrosine, and kinase (for cervical cancer), which help to identify the cancers in woman reproductive organs. In this overview, the biomarkers for gynecologic cancers and the relevant diagnosing systems generated using the specific aptamers are discussed. Furthermore, the therapeutic applications of aptamer with gynaecological cancers are narrated.
Modeling sound propagation in the Haro Strait is a challenging task, the site being complex and the sediment structure exhibiting a strong range dependence. The environmental complexities create difficulties for source localization using matched field processing because many of the parameters needed for replica calculation are uncertain or rapidly varying. Received time series from signal propagation at the site provide a wealth of information that can be exploited for source localization obviating the need for extensive environmental knowledge. In this paper, a Gibbs sampling-maximum a posteriori estimator is used to extract the direct path, first surface bounce, and first bottom bounce arrival times from time series received at vertical line arrays. Those times provide source and receiving phone location and water column depth estimates through a set of linear relationships. Estimates obtained with the proposed method for data collected during the Haro Strait primer experiment are very close to reference values for the unknown parameters.
Matched-field processing approaches are powerful tools for source localization and environmental parameter estimation in the ocean.Requiring multiple replica field calculations, however, matched-field processing can have significant computational demands. This work investigates the potential for using matched-field techniques that match only select "features" of the acoustic fields, attempting to reduce the computational requirements for successful inversion. The features this paper focuses on are arrival times of select paths. A "matching" technique for inversion using only arrival times is discussed and results are shown. A new process for the efficient selection of arrival times is also proposed.
A linearization approach to acoustic inversion is proposed employing distinct ray paths (direct arrival, first surface bounce, and first bottom bounce) for source localization and bathymetry and sound speed estimation. The ray path arrivals are selected from broadband, shallow water, synthetic data using a Bayesian time delay estimation scheme calculating posterior probability density functions of the delays in an efficient way. A linear system is then formed relating unknown parameters and arrival time data. The regularization method is used for the solution of the linear system [S. E. Dosso et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 104, 846–859 (1998)] with excellent results. Also a simple least-squares approach for the solution of the system is implemented; results of the two approaches are compared. Finally, the linearization multipath based technique is successfully applied to real acoustic broadband data for source and receiver localization, and bathymetry and sound speed estimation. [Work supported by ONR.]
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