Accumulating evidence has proved that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in cancer progression. The abnormal expression of lncRNAs might mediate cancer in various ways. Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) is the third leading cause of tumor‐related deaths. Due to the difficulty in its early recognition, the therapeutic outcomes of LIHC are far from satisfactory. The lncRNA Coagulation Factor XI Antisense RNA 1 (F11‐AS1) is underexpressed in LIHC and suppresses LIHC progression in return. F11‐AS1 can bind with and negatively regulate miR‐3146, while miR‐3146 can bind with and negatively regulate PTEN. Moreover, F11‐AS1 positively regulates the messenger RNA and protein level of PTEN. Also, miR‐3146, F11‐AS1, and PTEN could all be immunoprecipitated by antibody against Ago2, indicating the existence of RNA–induced silencing complex. Therefore, F11‐AS1 mediates PTEN expression by acting as competing endogenous RNA of miR‐3146. Further rescue assays demonstrated that F11‐AS1 suppressed LIHC progression via such pattern. To sum up, F11‐AS1 suppresses LIHC progression by competitively binding with miR‐3146 to regulate PTEN expression. The F11‐AS1/miR‐3146/PTEN axis is brand new. Taken together, the results indicate that F11‐AS1 might serve as a therapeutic target of LIHC.
Detrital-zircon U-Pb geochronology is extensively used to imply provenance histories as one of the most common methods to constrain the tectonic evolution of ancient sedimentary systems. The rapid accumulation of detrital-zircon thermochronology data in the eastern Tien Shan region brought great convenience for understanding the basin–mountain evolution in the region. In this work, 41 samples for zircon U-Pb dating from the Jurassic–Cretaceous strata of the Turpan-Hami basin and its adjacent region were compiled. Based on the systematic investigation, comparison, and summarization of Late Mesozoic sources in the eastern Tien Shan region and the quantitative characterization of source variations, we further explored and dissected the Late Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the eastern Tien Shan orogenic belt. Data from detrital-zircon age spectra, KS tests, MDS plots, Monte Carlo simulations, etc., suggested that eastern Tien Shan was also highly active during the Mesozoic, and especially, Bogda was the most remarkable. Moreover, there was a sig-nificant differential segmental exhumation before the Late Jurassic. In general, from the Early Ju-rassic to the Cretaceous, the proportion of Bogda provenance gradually increased, especially the large-scale uplift and denudation that occurred after the development of the Qigu Formation. The provenance of central Tien Shan and Jueluotag gradually stabilized before the Cretaceous. From the Late Jurassic to the Cretaceous, the decreasing tendency of the central-Tien-Shan-provenance percentages decreased, while that of Jueluotag provenance increased. Furthermore, central Tien Shan provenance had a slightly growing trend from the Early Jurassic (38%) to the Middle Jurassic (41.3%) and then gradually decreased to 20.3%. The Central Tien Shan still accounted for a sizeable proportion of the provenance, the genesis of which suggests that it may be that provenance as-cribable to central Tien Shan still crossed the poorly uplifted Jueluotag to the Turpan-Hami basin. Similar to central Tien Shan, the provenance ascribable to Jueluotag gradually decreased from an initial 51.8% to 14.9% in the Late Jurassic, but the proportion of the provenance increased again to 26% during the Cretaceous. These features opened the prelude to the Cenozoic tectonic activities in this region. In addition, the decomposition results revealed that the inverse Monte Carlo mixed model for dissecting the provenance of sandstone samples was subject to large biases in complex geological settings, such as detrital-zircon populations, the age spectra of source areas, contempo-raneous magmatism, and recovered older strata.
With proven reserves of 9.836 × 1010 m3, the largest known natural gas reservoir among terrigenous basement rocks has been discovered within the granitoids of the northern Qaidam Basin. Due to their high heterogeneity, the genesis of basement reservoirs remains unknown. Herein, the structure of the weathering crust in granitoids and their potential controlling factors on the reservoir development mechanism are discussed using a multidisciplinary approach based on data from cores, thin sections, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), conventional and imaging logs, and physical property and major elements analyses. Moreover, the classification standard of the weathering crust structure is established. The dissolution belt holding diverse reservoir spaces accounts for more than 50% of the total porosity, while the disintegration belt is the main context for the development of cleavage fractures and crack fractures. The original pores exist mainly among the crystal grains of quartz and mica, while the secondary pores and fractures were generated by the alteration of aluminosilicate minerals as well as biotite or hornblende. The quality of these reservoirs is controlled by their mineral composition, tectonic uplift, faulting, and paleogeomorphology. The femic granitoid is the main reservoir-forming lithology in the case of dissolution, while the felsic granitoid is more likely to develop cracks. The formation of the disintegration belt is significantly linked to the presence of faulting. These belts were mostly induced by tectonic deformation along the Altyn fault belt from the late Oligocene to the early Miocene. The diversity in paleogeomorphology influences the extent of the weathering. The exhumation in the Altyn terrane from the late Jurassic to the Cenozoic corresponds to the weathering and hypergene leaching period of the weathering crust within granitoids. Three types of reservoirs are present in the rocks: fractured-porous (Type Ⅰ); porous (Type Ⅱ); and fractured (Type Ⅲ). The fractured-porous and fractured reservoirs were developed mainly in the granitic gneiss and granite, while the porous reservoir was formed in granitic diorite and granitic gneiss. The reservoirs that developed in the weathering crust of granitoids are dominated by Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ. The highest quality reservoir, which is the fractured-porous type, developed mainly in the dissolution belt of the weathering crust, and has a porosity ranging from 1.56% to 8.48% and a permeability ranging from 0.03 mD to 14.48 mD. The mechanisms of the development of weathering crust reservoirs provide further information for the hydrocarbon exploration of basement rocks worldwide.
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