Ambient-air-stable Li3InCl6 halide solid electrolyte, with high ionic conductivity of 1.49 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C, delivers essential advantages over commercial sulfide-based solid electrolyte.

This review focuses on fundamental understanding, various synthesis routes, chemical/electrochemical stability of halide-based lithium superionic conductors, and their potential applications in energy storage as well as related challenges.

Direct quantification of terrestrial biosphere responses to global change is crucial for projections of future climate change in Earth system models. Here, we synthesized ecosystem carbon-cycling data from 1,119 experiments performed over the past four decades concerning changes in temperature, precipitation, CO 2 and nitrogen across major terrestrial vegetation types of the world. Most experiments manipulated single rather than multiple global change drivers in temperate ecosystems of the USA, Europe and China. The magnitudes of warming and elevated CO 2 treatments were consistent with the ranges of future projections, whereas those of precipitation changes and nitrogen inputs often exceeded the projected ranges. Increases in global change drivers consistently accelerated, but decreased precipitation slowed down carbon-cycle processes. Nonlinear (including synergistic and antagonistic) effects among global change drivers were rare. Belowground carbon allocation responded negatively to increased precipitation and nitrogen addition and positively to decreased precipitation and elevated CO 2. The sensitivities of carbon variables to multiple global change drivers depended on the background climate and ecosystem condition, suggesting that Earth system models should be evaluated using site-specific conditions for best uses of this large dataset. Together, this synthesis underscores an urgent need to explore the interactions among multiple global change drivers in underrepresented regions such as semi-arid ecosystems, forests in the tropics and subtropics, and Arctic tundra when forecasting future terrestrial carbon-climate feedback.

The enabling of high energy density of all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) requires the development of highly Li+-conductive solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) with good chemical and electrochemical stability. Recently, halide SSEs based on different material design principles have opened new opportunities for ASSLBs. Here, we discovered a series of Li x ScCl3+x SSEs (x = 2.5, 3, 3.5, and 4) based on the cubic close-packed anion sublattice with room-temperature ionic conductivities up to 3 × 10–3 S cm–1. Owing to the low eutectic temperature between LiCl and ScCl3, Li x ScCl3+x SSEs can be synthesized by a simple co-melting strategy. Preferred orientation is observed for all the samples. The influence of the value of x in Li x ScCl3+x on the structure and Li+ diffusivity were systematically explored. With increasing x value, higher Li+, lower vacancy concentration, and less blocking effects from Sc ions are achieved, enabling the ability to tune the Li+ migration. The electrochemical performance shows that Li3ScCl6 possesses a wide electrochemical window of 0.9–4.3 V vs Li+/Li, stable electrochemical plating/stripping of Li for over 2500 h, as well as good compatibility with LiCoO2. LiCoO2/Li3ScCl6/In ASSLB exhibits a reversible capacity of 104.5 mAh g–1 with good cycle life retention for 160 cycles. The observed changes in the ionic conductivity and tuning of the site occupations provide an additional approach toward the design of better SSEs.

To promote the development of solid‐state batteries, polymer‐, oxide‐, and sulfide‐based solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) have been extensively investigated. However, the disadvantages of these SSEs, such as high‐temperature sintering of oxides, air instability of sulfides, and narrow electrochemical windows of polymers electrolytes, significantly hinder their practical application. Therefore, developing SSEs that have a high ionic conductivity (>10−3 S cm−1), good air stability, wide electrochemical window, excellent electrode interface stability, low‐cost mass production is required. Herein we report a halide Li+ superionic conductor, Li3InCl6, that can be synthesized in water. Most importantly, the as‐synthesized Li3InCl6 shows a high ionic conductivity of 2.04×10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C. Furthermore, the ionic conductivity can be recovered after dissolution in water. Combined with a LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode, the solid‐state Li battery shows good cycling stability.

As architecture, systems, and data management communities pay greater attention to innovative big data systems and architecture, the pressure of benchmarking and evaluating these systems rises. However, the complexity, diversity, frequently changed workloads, and rapid evolution of parison with the traditional benchmarks: including PAR-SEC, HPCC, and SPECCPU, big data applications have very low operation intensity, which measures the ratio of the total number of instructions divided by the total byte number of memory accesses; Second, the volume of data input has non-negligible impact on micro-architecture characteristics, which may impose challenges for simulation-based big data architecture research; Last but not least, corroborating the observations in CloudSuite and DCBench (which use smaller data inputs), we find that the numbers of L1 instruction cache (L1I) misses per 1000 instructions (in short, MPKI) of the big data applications are higher than in the traditional benchmarks; also, we find that L3 caches are effective for the big data applications, corroborating the observation in DCBench.

A long-cycle-life aqueous rechargeable sodium/zinc battery was obtained with a high energy density of 170 W h kg−1.

Sulfide‐based solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) for all‐solid‐state Li metal batteries (ASSLMBs) are attracting significant attention due to their high ionic conductivity, inherently soft properties, and decent mechanical strength. However, the poor incompatibility with Li metal and air sensitivity have hindered their application. Herein, the Sn (IV) substitution for P (V) in argyrodite sulfide Li6PS5I (LPSI) SSEs is reported, in the preparation of novel LPSI‐xSn SSEs (where x is the Sn substitution percentage). Appropriate aliovalent element substitutions with larger atomic radius (R > R

) provides the optimized LPSI‐20Sn electrolyte with a 125 times higher ionic conductivity compared to that of the LPSI electrolyte. The high ionic conductivity of LPSI‐20Sn enables the rich I‐containing electrolyte to serve as a stabilized interlayer against Li metal in sulfide‐based ASSLMBs with outstanding cycling stability and rate capability. Most importantly, benefiting from the strong Sn–S bonding in Sn‐substituted electrolytes, the LPSI‐20Sn electrolyte shows excellent structural stability and improved air stability after exposure to O2 and moisture. The versatile Sn substitution in argyrodite LPSI electrolytes is believed to provide a new and effective strategy to achieve Li metal‐compatible and air‐stable sulfide‐based SSEs for large‐scale applications.