In order to explore the chemical water characteristics of water-scarce rivers in China, the Ciyao River basin in Shanxi Province was taken as a case study. Water samples of the mainstream and its tributaries were collected in the wet, normal, and dry seasons of 2021. The composition and spatial variation of the main ions in the water body were analyzed using the ion chromatography (IC) instrument. In addition, Pearson correlation analyses were used to evaluate relevant correlation between ion concentrations. The results showed that the overall surface water in the study area was weakly alkaline, and the content of total dissolved solids (TDS) varied greatly, ranging from 702 to 5091 mg/L, with an average of 2897 mg/L. The TDS showed a middle stream > downstream > upstream trend, and the hydrochemical type was Cl · SO4 · HCO3 – Ca · Na. The contents of most ions were significantly changed based on differences in sampling sites and seasons. Natural and human factors influence the chemical characteris-tics of the river. According to the Gibbs diagram and Piper diagram (Figure 3), the ionic composition of the water body in the basin is mainly affected by the joint action of rock weathering and evaporative crystallization. Carbonate rocks constitute the most significant rock weathering, followed by evaporative and silicate rocks. Wastewater from industrial enterprises, agricultural wastewater, and activities of people’s daily living also have some influence on rock weathering. Cation exchange is also important in forming chemical water components in the Ciyao River. The research results can provide technical references and a basis for regional water environment protection, water resources development and utilization, and watershed eco-hydrology research.
Land use pattern is one of the most important factors affecting the quality of habitats, which is taken as the research objective in this study. Based on the land use data of Ciyao river basin from 1985 to 2020, transfer matrix analysis, superposition analysis, and zoning statistics were carried out by ArcGIS. The impact of main threat sources (cultivated land, urban land, and rural residential land) on water quality was calculated using the investment model. The habitat changes and the impact of the habitat quality of the basin on the hydrological and water quality were analyzed. The findings demonstrated that the land-type conversion in Ciyao River Basin from 1985 to 2020 is mainly manifested in the conversion from cultivated land to construction land (94.49 km2), and from grassland to cultivated land (21.59 km2) and forest land (27.15 km2). The habitat quality of the Ciyao River Basin decreased gradually from North to South. The medium and high habitat quality areas are mainly concentrated in the headwater area of the river. Due to the change in land type, the habitat quality in the headwater area of the river significantly improved from 2005 to 2020, while the habitat quality in the confluence area of the Wuliang section significantly declined from 1995 to 2015. Due to the improvements of habitat quality in the source area of the river and water conservation capacity, the total amount of water resources and annual runoff depth of Ciyao River significantly increased from 2005 to 2019 without significant changes in precipitation. The water quality of the Ciyao River has improved due to development of environmental pollution control and the improvement of watershed habitat in 2016–2020.
Chemical pollution in the Persian Gulf has become an important health concern in recent decades. This investigation aimed to meta-analyses of potential toxic elements (PTEs) including lead (Pb), inorganic Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni) and Mercury (Hg) in the coastal sediment of the Persian Gulf. In this study, an attempt was made to retrieve papers conducted on the concentration of PTEs in the coastal sediment of the Persian Gulf by searching in international databases including Web of Science, Scopus, Embase and PubMed. Meta-analysis concentration of PTEs in the coastal sediment of the Persian Gulf was conducted using random effects model based on the country subgroup. Additionally, non-dietary risk assessment including non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact routes and ecological risk assessment was estimated. Seventy-eight papers with 81 data-reports (1650 sample size) were included in our meta-analysis. The rank order of heavy metals in coastal sediment of the Persian Gulf based on pooled concentration was Ni (65.44 mg/kg) > Pb (58.35 mg/kg) > As (23.78 mg/kg) > Cd (1.75 mg/kg) > Hg (0.77 mg/kg). The highest concentration of As, Cd, Pb, Ni and Hg was observed in the coastal sediment of Saudi Arabia, Arab Emirates, Qatar, Iran and Saudi Arabia, respectively. Although the Igeo index in coastal sediment of the Persian gulf was in Grade 1 (Uncontaminated) and grade 2 (slightly contaminated) but total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) of adults due to As and Cd and Adolescent due to As, Cd, Pb and Niwas higher than 1 value In Iran, In Saudi Arabic, TTHQ of adults due to As and Cd and adolescent due to As and Cd was higher than 1 value, In United Arab Emirates, TTHQ of adults due to Cd and Adolescents due to As, Cd and Pb were higher than 1 value and In Qatar, TTHQ of adults age group due to Pb and adolescent age group due to Pb was higher than 1 value. Total cancer risk (TCR) for adults and adolescent due to As was higher than 1E-6 in Iran, United Arab Emirates and Qatar but TCR for adolescents due to As was higher than 1E-6 in Saudi Arabic. Therefore, it is recommended to monitor the concentration of PTEs and implementation of programs to reduce the emission of PTEs from resources in the Persian Gulf.
Chemical pollution in the Persian Gulf has become an important health concern in recent decades. This investigation aimed to meta-analyses of potential toxic elements (PTEs) including lead (Pb), inorganic Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni) and Mercury (Hg) in the coastal sediment of the Persian Gulf. In this study, an attempt was made to retrieve papers conducted on the concentration of PTEs in the coastal sediment of the Persian Gulf by searching in international databases including Web of Science, Scopus, Embase and PubMed. Meta-analysis concentration of PTEs in the coastal sediment of the Persian Gulf was conducted using random effects model based on the country subgroup. Additionally, non-dietary risk assessment including noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact routes and ecological risk assessment was estimated. Seventy-eight papers with 81 data-reports (1650 sample size) were included in our meta-analysis. The rank order of heavy metals in coastal sediment of the Persian Gulf based on pooled concentration was Ni (65.44 mg/kg) > Pb (58.35 mg/kg) > As (23.78 mg/kg) > Cd (1.75 mg/kg) > Hg (0.77 mg/kg). The highest concentration of As, Cd, Pb, Ni and Hg was observed in the coastal sediment of Saudi Arabia, Arab Emirates, Qatar, Iran and Saudi Arabia, respectively. Although the Igeo index in coastal sediment of the Persian gulf was in Grade 1 (Uncontaminated) and grade 2 (slightly contaminated) but total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) of adults due to As and Cd and Adolescent due to As, Cd, Pb and Niwas higher than 1 value In Iran, In Saudi Arabic, TTHQ of adults due to As and Cd and adolescent due to As and Cd was higher than 1 value, In United Arab Emirates, TTHQ of adults due to Cd and Adolescents due to As, Cd and Pb were higher than 1 value and In Qatar, TTHQ of adults age group due to Pb and adolescent age group due to Pb was higher than 1 value. Total cancer risk
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