Kasugamycin (KSM), an aminoglycoside antibiotic, has been widely used for the management of plant diseases, especially for the control of rice blast in Asia. However, its uptake mechanism and transport in plants are still obscure. The castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) seeding, a model plant for phloem transport, was used to study the mechanism of uptake and transport of KSM. Results showed that cotyledon-applied KSM could transport into the phloem and distributed in root and shoot of plant. The temperature, concentration, and pH had significant effects on the uptake of KSM, indicating that the uptake of KSM was mediated by an active carrier system. Compared with the control, competitive inhibitors of sugar transporters D-glucose, D-chiro-inositol, and phloridzin inhibited 71.03%, 67.95%, and 61.73% uptake of KSM, respectively. Energy inhibitor dinitrophenol (DNP) and carbonyl cyanide chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) also affected the uptake of KSM, and the inhibition rates were 34.23% and 48.06%. All the results showed that the uptake of KSM was mediated by a sugar transporter, and it could transport from shoot to root in plants via the phloem. The study preliminary elucidated the plant–microbe interactions in the context of the transport of microbial secondary metabolites in plants. It has certain significance for scientific application of antibiotics and biological control of plant diseases and provides theoretical basis for the development of bidirectional transport pesticides.
Plenty of freshwater species, especially macroinvertebrates that are essential to the provision of numerous ecosystem functions, encountered higher mortality due to acute hypoxia. However, within the family Chironomidae, a wide range of tolerance to hypoxia/anoxia is displayed and Propsilocerus akamusi depends on this great endurance to become a dominant species in eutrophic lakes. To further understand how P. akamusi responds to acute hypoxic stress, we used multi-omics analysis in combination with histomorphological characteristics and physiological indicators. To evaluate enzyme activity, the transcriptome and metabolome, and histomorphological characteristics, we set up two groups: a control group (DO 8.4mg/L) and a hypoxic group (DO 0.39mg/L). With blue-black chromatin, cell tightness, cell membrane invagination, and the production of apoptotic vesicles, tissue cells displayed typical apoptotic features. While lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), (Alcohol dehydrogenase) ADH, catalase (CAT), and Na+/K+ -ATPase (NKA) activities were dramatically enhanced under hypoxic stress, glycogen content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were significantly reduced compared to the control group. The above results were further supported by the joint analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome, which further revealed that in addition to carbohydrates, including glycogen, the energy metabolism of the fatty acid, trehalose, and glyoxylate cycles is also included. Furthermore, we also revealed the ethanol tested in hypoxic stress should derive from symbiodinium of P akamusi. Understanding the processes which enable P. akamusi to survive lengthy periods of hypoxia in eutrophic lakes might help to design sensitive biomonitoring procedures, and this species has the potential to be used as an effective eutrophication indicator.
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