Three high‐energy multicore ferrocene‐based catalysts containing energy bonds (C═N, N–N) (EMFcs), EMFcs‐1, EMFcs‐2, and EMFcs‐3, were designed and synthesized to reduce the high temperature decomposition (HTD) temperature and increase the heat release of ammonium perchlorate (AP) as well as improve anti‐migration performance for the development of composite solid propellants. The theoretical calculation of the highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (ELUMO), and the electrostatic potential (ESP) were performed to explore the electronic structure of EMFcs (1–3) and predict their catalytic performance on AP. The chemical structures were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ultraviolet (UV), and elemental analysis, and the oxidation ability was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The catalytic performance of obtained catalysts was verified by differential scanning calorimetry‐thermogravimetry (DSC‐TG), and the results showed that the designed catalysts possessed much higher heat release and catalytic activity on AP thermal decomposition than that of widely used catalyst of catocene in the solid propellant, and EMFcs‐2 with three ferrocene units showed the best catalytic performance due to the highest Fe content in one molecule of EMFcs‐2. The composite of AP containing 5 wt% of EMFcs‐2 can reduce the HTD temperature of AP from 394°C to 285°C and low the activation energy from 185.81 to 103.18 kJ·mol−1 with heat release increasing from 630.60 to 1841.50 J·g−1. Furthermore, the thermal decomposition gaseous products of AP under the catalysis of EMFcs were confirmed by TG‐FTIR to explore the catalytic decomposition mechanism.
Four novel energetic ferrocene-based coordination derivatives, namely [M (FcHz)Á(NO 3 )] n (M = Co 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , and Fe 3+ ), were successfully prepared through a solvothermal method using 1,1 0 -bis(1-hydrazinoethylene) ferrocene (FcHz) with excellent electron transfer ability and energy bonds (C=N, N-N) as a ligand to coordinate with transition metals with high catalytic activity to promote the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP). Their chemical structure, crystalline features, and morphology were comprehensively characterized, and their catalytic performance was analyzed. It is found that all [M (FcHz)Á(NO 3 )] n exhibited better catalytic performance for AP decomposition than that of traditional catalyst catocene because of the optimal synergistic effect between FcHz and transition metals. In addition, they had a large specific surface area, strong NH 3 absorption capacity, and high thermal property, which also could accelerate AP decomposition. [Co (FcHz)Á(NO 3 )] n was the best one, and AP with [Co (FcHz)Á(NO 3 )] n could decrease the high-temperature decomposition temperature and apparent activation energy of AP decomposition by 110 C and 75.82 kJ mol À1 , respectively, and increase heat release by 1066 J/g. The online thermogravimetric analyzer-coupled with a Fourier-transform infrared explored the AP decomposition products at different temperatures catalyzed by [Co (FcHz)Á(NO 3 )] n , and a possible catalytic mechanism was also proposed.The results indicate that [Co (FcHz)Á(NO 3 )] n with high efficiency, high energy, and high anti-migration has application prospects in AP-based solid propellants.
With the development of wearable diagnostic and therapeutic technology, numerous researchers have a great interest in integrated bifunctional electrode materials with supercapacitor and sensing performance. Herein, we report a hydrangea-like...
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