The security of digital images has become increasingly important as information technology has advanced considerably. To ensure image security and improve the efficiency of image encryption, a novel color image encryption algorithm is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a novel three-dimensional chaotic system with extreme multistability is proposed and employed to generate the chaotic sequences to be used in the permutation and diffusion processes. Secondly, the proposed bidirectional spiral transformation is used to permute the R, G and B components extracted from the color plain image. Thirdly, the permuted pixel sequence is dynamically encoded into a DNA sequence. To further increase the permutation effect, the DNA sequence is permuted again using the index sequence. Finally, the dynamical DNA operations are performed to diffuse the permuted DNA sequence, and the designed look-up table method is used to quickly obtain the DNA operation results. The key space of the proposed algorithm is 10266, which is large enough to resist the brute-force attacks. The average entropy value of the cipher image of Peppers is 7.9971, which is much closer to the theoretical entropy value 8. The dynamic DNA operations process only takes up 0.032349s, which shows the advantage of the proposed look-up table method. Therefore, the proposed algorithm can be applied to the application that require high confidentiality and real-time.
Due to the competitive relationship among different smart factories, equipment manufacturers cannot integrate the private information of all smart factories to train the intelligent manufacturing equipment fault prediction model and improve the accuracy of intelligent manufacturing equipment fault detection. The use of a low fault recognition rate model for smart factories will cause additional losses for them. In this work, we propose a blockchain-based privacy information security sharing scheme in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) to solve the sharing problem of private information in smart factories. Firstly, we abstract smart factories as edge nodes and build decentralized, distributed trusted blockchain networks based on Ethereum clients on simulated edge devices and propose an Intelligent Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (IECDSA) to guarantee the ownership of shared information by edge nodes. Secondly, we propose the Reputation-based Delegated Proof of Stake (RDPoS) consensus algorithm to improve the security and reliability of the Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus algorithm. Furthermore, we design and implement an incentive mechanism based on information attributes to increase the motivation of edge nodes to share information. Finally, the proposed solution is simulated. Through theoretical and simulation experiments, it is proved that the blockchain-based privacy information security sharing scheme in IIoT can improve the enthusiasm of edge nodes to share information on the premise of ensuring the security of information sharing.
A multimode resonance patch antenna with the attractive radiation gain and efficiency is investigated in this paper. A driven patch with both sides shorted similar to the cavity model is presented to generate TM03 and TM11 modes. TM21 mode is also excited by inserting five shorting parasitic patches on both sides of the radiation aperture to extended the impedance bandwidth and no additional feeding structure is required. Meanwhile, a novel single-layer metasurface with the positive gradient of the reflection phase is placed directly above the proposed multimode antenna. Then the characteristics of high gain and better front-to-back ratio (FBR) are acquired. The measured results show that the characteristics of 20.7% impedance bandwidth from 5.08 GHz to 6.25 GHz, stable gain of up to 12.34 dBi, high radiation efficiency of up to 89% and cross-polarization level below -20 dB are obtained. These characteristics all imply that the proposed antenna can be applied to WLAN and Car-to-Car (C2C) communications.INDEX TERMS multimode, patch antenna, shorting parasitic patch, metasurface, front-to-back ratio, radiation efficiency. I. INTRODUCTIONWith the large-scale popularization of mobile Internet, IEEE proposed the 802.11p protocol in July 2010 as a supplementary protocol to 802.11 to meet the relevant applications of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in dedicated short range communications (DSRC) system [1]. A direct communication through radio transmission between roadside, vehicle and portable radio equipment, enabling communication and exchange of information between vehicles, people and roadsides infrastructure. In the United States and Europe, Car-to-Car (C2C) and Car-to-Infrastructure (C2I), as two different application areas in DSRC [2] both work at 5.9 GHz (5.85-5.925 GHz). Successively, frequency bands of 5.905-5.925 GHz is also released for intelligent networked car in China.The wireless local area network (WLAN) working at 5.15-5.85 GHz supports IEEE 802.11a/n/ac protocol with a single-channel working bandwidth of up to 160 MHz and a transmission rate of up to 1 Gbps. Combining C2C communication that can obtain real-time information of the surrounding vehicles with the vehicle-mounted WLAN application that can access the Internet at any time can not only improve driving safety, but also provide users with more convenient services. Although, these advantages enhance the competitiveness of smart cars, the design of vehicle antenna becomes more complicated. Especially when the antenna is installed inside the vehicle, the radiation performance is correspondingly weakened due to the shielding effect [3]. Therefore, it is challenging and practical to design a broadband vehicle antenna with high gain characteristics.The existing literature presents a series of vehicle antennas for C2C communication with low profile, broadband, multiband, and high gain characteristics. In [3], a triangular-
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