With the deepening of the research on supply chain management, scholars have increasingly begun to investigate the impact of fairness on a supply chain, and many conclusions suggest that a simple wholesale price can coordinate a supply chain under specific conditions. However, the corresponding analysis and other optimization mechanisms that affect the situation in which the channel cannot be coordinated are either omitted or given little attention. In this paper, we constructed a dyadic supply chain with a single manufacturer and a single retailer; the manufacturer acts as a selfish leader, and the retailer acts as a follower with fairness concerns and sales efforts. For this setting, we derived the equilibrium strategy solution for a wholesale price contract and cost sharing of effort (CS-E) contract offered by the manufacturer, and the results indicated that both contracts achieved channel coordination with different requirements. Further, the profit of the manufacturer and the sales effort of the retailer under CS-E contracts were never less than those for the wholesale price contract, and there was an interval during which the retailer's profit and utility and supply chain efficiency were better than those under the wholesale price contract. In addition, we described situations in which a CS-E contract is unnecessary. These results should be a useful reference for managerial decisions and organizations.

During the past decade, China's outward direct investment (ODI) and exports have experienced rapid growth, drawing increasing attention to the relationship between them. Using the gravity model based on panel data on China 's ODI and trade to 174 countries and regions during 2003 -2012, the present paper investigates the impacts of China 's ODI on exports. We find that China's ODI to a host country significantly promotes China 's trade with that economy: a 10-percent increase in ODI stock can lead to a 2.14-percent increase in exports, a 2.07-percent increase in imports and a 2.87-percent increase in net exports. The scale of the host country's economy, its infrastructure and its distance to China also have significant impacts on China's exports. Therefore, growth in ODI will facilitate China 's trade and integration into the global economy, and enhance industrial upgrading in China by transferring the low-end industries abroad.

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<p>This paper first describes the historical development of steel bridge in China, and then mainly introduces the technique development of fatigue for research on steel bridges in China. There are two main aspects of fatigue research for steel bridges, one is the research on existing steel bridges to evaluate the remaining life of steel bridges, in order to decide whether to reinforce the old bridge or replace the old bridge with a new one. The other aspect is the researches on newly built steel bridges to determine suitable structural details for bridges, such as anchorage structure unit fatigue experiments, orthotropic steel deck fatigue experiments, bi-axle structural detail fatigue experiments, etc. Furthermore, the future of steel bridge fatigue research in China is proposed.</p>

<p>The construction informatization of railway bridges is becoming a significant feature of “intelligent manufacturing" in China's high speed railway (HSR). In order to explore the implementation of “Internet plus steel bridge construction" and further improve the quality and efficiency of construction, digitization and informatization of steel bridge construction have been studied. The overall framework of digital construction of railway steel bridge construction based on the internet of things (IoT) and BIM technology is proposed after analyzing the key process of quality control during the construction of railway steel bridge. And then the virtual reconstruction of railway steel bridge is presented based on the advanced digital technology. Taking the pre-assembly in fabrication stage and the bolted connection in erection stage of steel bridges as two representative examples, the virtual reconstruction information system has been developed and tested in some HSR railway bridge projects in China, which verifies the feasibility and efficiency of digital control virtual reconstruction strategy. The research is meaningful to the future application and development in intelligent construction of railway steel bridges.</p>