Purpose To study the thrombolytic effect and safety of cRGD urokinase liposomes (cRGD-UK-LIP) in rats with acute pulmonary microthromboembolism (APMTE), and explore the application value of echocardiography (ECHO) in animal models. Patients and Methods Ninety-six SD rats were randomized into 6 groups (16/group): normal control, sham operation, APMTE, normal saline (NS), free urokinase (UK), cRGD-UK-LIP. Four groups (APMTE, NS, UK, cRGD-UK-LIP) of rats were injected with autologous thrombus to induce APMTE. Samples were injected into 3 groups (NS, UK, cRGD-UK-LIP) of rats after modeling. Echocardiography was used to assess right ventricle (RV) function and morphology in rats. Six rats in each group were randomly selected and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) of them was measured through ECHO-guided transthoracic puncture. Finally, the rats were killed and their tissues were taken for pathological examination. Results Compared with normal control or sham operation group, rats in APMTE group had enlarged RV, decreased RV function, increased PAP, and lung tissue of them showed postthromboembolic appearance. There was no significant difference between NS group and APMTE group. RV morphology and function of rats in the UK group and cRGD-UK-LIP group were better and vessels with residual thrombus in these 2 groups were less than APMTE group, especially in the cRGD-UK-LIP group. In terms of PAP, only cRGD-UK-LIP group was significantly lower than APMTE group. No hyperemia, bleeding and swelling were observed in heart, liver and kidney of rats in each group. Conclusion A rat model of APMTE was successfully established. cRGD-UK-LIP has better thrombolytic effect than free urokinase and it is safe. Echocardiography is not merely an important way to evaluate the morphology and function of RV, transthoracic puncture measurement under the guidance of it can be an effective way to monitor PAP in animal models.
Objectives: Pulmonary artery pressure measurement is key to verifying the success of a rat model of pulmonary hypertension(PH). Herein, a novel method for measuring pulmonary artery pressure through high-frequency ultrasound-guided transthoracic puncture was demonstrated in rats. The efficacy and time of this novel method were also discussed. Methods: A single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline was used to establish a rat model of PH. The tip of that puncture cannula was maintained at a certain angle after the needle core was removed through heat shaping method. In the short-axis section of the parasternal aorta, in-plane real-time guided trocar puncture of the right ventricular outflow tract was performed. The external pressure sensor was used to record the real-time waveform, right ventricular systolic pressure, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, and diastolic pressure. Results: The success rates of using this novel method in the model group and the control group were 88.5% and 86.7%, respectively, and the puncture pressure measurement times were 164 ± 31s and 235 ± 50s, respectively. The model group’s right ventricular systolic blood pressure, pulmonary systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were higher than those of the control group. Conclusions: The modified method for trocar is helpful for accurately positioning pulmonary artery manometry. The method described in this paper has a high success rate and short operation time. It has a broad application prospect in verifying rat PH model and pulmonary artery pressure monitoring.
Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (PAVF) is a rare clinical disorder characterized anatomically by an abnormal right-to-left shunt (RLS) at the pulmonary vascular level. RLS was detected by right-heart contrast echocardiography (RHCE), and a large number of contrast microbubbles were detected entering the left atrium and ventricle from the left and right pulmonary veins, Intuitively prompt bilateral pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. Computed tomography angiography confirmed the diagnosis. We report a case of a patient with PAVF complicated with pulmonary hypertension, RHCE with high-frequency transthoracic ultrasound showed the typical signs of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. We used this method for the first time to diagnose pulmonary arteriovenous fistula.
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