Despite the wide use of aryl radicals in organic synthesis, current methods to prepare them from aryl halides, carboxylic acids, boronic acids, and diazonium salts suffer from limitations. Aryl triflates, easily obtained from phenols, are promising aryl radical progenitors but remain elusive in this regard. Inspired by the single electron transfer process for aryl halides to access aryl radicals, we developed a simple and efficient protocol to convert aryl triflates to aryl radicals. Our success lies in exploiting sodium iodide as the soft electron donor assisted by light. This strategy enables the scalable synthesis of two types of important organic molecules, i.e., aryl boronates and aryl iodides, in good to high yields, with broad functional group compatibility in a transition-metal-free manner at room temperature. This protocol is anticipated to find potential applications in other aryl-radical-involved reactions by using aryl triflates as aryl radical precursors.

A simple and efficient approach to the methylation of various heteroarenes, including six-and five-membered ones without transition metals, has been described at room temperature. This reaction is promoted by photo-energy with solvent MeOH as the methylation reagent and a dichloromethane co-solvent as the key promoter. The isotope-labeling studies indicate that the newly generated methyl group comprises two hydrogens from the methyl group and one hydrogen from the hydroxyl group of methanol.

Protein lysine acylations, such as succinylation and acetylation, are important post-translational modification (PTM) mechanisms, with key roles in cellular regulation. Antibody-based affinity enrichment, high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis, and integrated bioinformatics analysis were used to characterize the lysine succinylome (K ) and acetylome (K ) of rice leaves. In total, 2,593 succinylated and 1,024 acetylated proteins were identified, of which 723 were simultaneously acetylated and succinylated. Proteins involved in photosynthetic carbon metabolism such as the large and small subunits of RuBisCO, ribosomal functions, and other key processes were subject to both PTMs. Preliminary insights into oxidant-induced changes to the rice acetylome and succinylome were gained from treatments with hydrogen peroxide. Exposure to oxidative stress did not regulate global changes in the rice acetylome or succinylome but rather led to modifications on a specific subset of the identified sites. De-succinylation of recombinant catalase (CATA) and glutathione S-transferase (OsGSTU6) altered the activities of these enzymes showing that this PTM may have a regulatory function. These findings not only greatly extend the list of acetylated and/or succinylated proteins but they also demonstrate the close cooperation between these PTMs in leaf proteins with key metabolic functions.

A practical and scalable protocol for visible‐light‐accelerated arylation and alkylation of quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones with hydrazines is reported. In this protocol, a hydrazone‐based two‐dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D‐COF‐1) was employed as the heterogeneous photocatalyst (PC). Due to its excellent photocatalytic properties, good chemical stability and heterogeneous nature, the present method exhibits high efficiency, good functional group tolerance, easy scalability and remarkable catalyst reusability. More importantly, it provides an alternative way that allows rapid access to various C3 arylated or alkylated quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones in a greener and sustainable manner.

A novel and efficient visible-light-induced C(sp 2 )−H/N−H cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC)amination with both primary and secondary aliphatic amines at room temperature in air is developed. This photocatalytic reaction allows the direct formation of 3-aminoquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones via CDC-amination in the absence of any external oxidant added from outside. Preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that the present reaction proceeds through a radical process.

Chitinase degrades chitin in the old epidermis or peritrophic matrix of insects, which ensures normal development and metamorphosis. In our previous work, we comprehensively studied the function of SfCht7 in Sogatella furcifera. However, the number and function of chitinase genes in S. furcifera remain unknown. Here, we identified 12 full-length chitinase transcripts from S. furcifera, which included nine chitinase (Cht), two imaginal disc growth factor (IDGF), and one endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EN-Gase) genes. Expression analysis results revealed that the expression levels of eight genes (SfCht3,

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A heterogeneous visible-light-induced tandem radical addition–cyclization of isocyanides by photoactive covalent organic frameworks was developed, delivering diverse phenanthridines with high reaction efficiency and easy catalyst recyclability.