This study aimed to improve the flame-retardant properties of laminated bamboo lumber (LBL) using phosphorus-nitrogen-boron flame retardants (FRs). The combination of a 7:3 ratio of monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and boric acid/borax compounds (SBX), and 74.32 kg/m 3 of FRs (10.3% weight gain), exhibited enhanced fireproofing performance for LBL materials. A commercial flame retardant (guanylurea phosphate) (GUP) was systematically studied as a comparison. A cone calorimeter and a thermal analyzer were used to characterize the combustion behavior and thermal stability, respectively. The flame retardants morphology in bamboo cell cavities was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). The results showed that at a heat flux of 50 kW/m 2 , the heat release rate and the total heat release of LBL samples treated with MAP-SBX flame retardants decreased more considerably than that of the untreated samples. The use of MAP-SBX not only promoted carbonization of LBL greatly but also indicated a good performance of smoke and combustion suppression as well as for the GUP. Flame retardants were confirmed to penetrate into the cell cavities of the bamboo using SEM and EDXA.
MOF199 is deposited on moso bamboo and balsa wood under mild conditions. A uniform and dense MOF199 layer with perfect crystal morphology was successfully obtained on the hierarchical surface of both bamboo and wood.
In order to develop an environmentally benign flame retardant for bamboo/ PLA composites (BPC), chitosan (CS) and tannic acid (TA) were used as cationic and anionic polyelectrolyte respectively to stabilize halloysite nanotubes (HNT) on the surface of bamboo fiber (BF) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Mechanical performance tests showed that the flexural properties of BPC were moderately enhanced with the addition of HNT, while the incorporation of CS/TA complex (FR) exhibited a slight increase. The results of thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that CS/TA complex and HNT improved the thermal stability of the BPC synergistically, which increased the char residue. Limiting oxygen index and cone calorimetry tests were used to study the flammability of BPC and the results showed that the addition of CS/TA complex and HNT had a synergistic effect on the flame retardant performance of BPC materials. The macroscopic and microscopic morphological studies confirmed the formation of HNT layer in the matrix of BPC/5FR@5HNT samples, which facilitated more stabile char residue with the best flame retardant performance. K E Y W O R D S biodegradable, biopolymers and renewable polymers, cellulose and other wood products, flame retardance, thermogravimetric analysis 1 | INTRODUCTION Bamboo is well-known as a fast-growing, widely distributed biomass resources. Bamboo fiber (BF) has excellent mechanical properties and can improve the mechanical properties of polymer composites. [1] As an extension of wood plastic composites (WPC), bamboo plastic composites are defined as a new type of general-purpose composite material composed of BF and thermoplastic materials. [2] However, most of commercially used plastics, such as polyethylene, poly(vinyl chloride), polypropylene, and polystyrene all originate from nonrenewable petroleum resources, meanwhile the plastic waste can cause serious pollution to the environment. [3] Recently, the increasing ban on use of non-degradable plastic products is enacting around the world, biodegradable polymer for composites have attracted much attention, especially BF/poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based composite materials, since they are biodegradable, biocompatible and sustainable in nature. [4] However, BF/PLA composites (BPC) exhibit potential fire hazards in application of interior decoration, due to
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