Background: Acute pancreatitis is a life-threatening disease which causes considerable morbidity and mortality. However, no specific and effective treatments are currently available for this critical condition, which is mainly due to the insufficient understanding of the early cellular events in the initial phase of acute pancreatitis. Previous researchers have reported that two independent events, intra-acinar trypsinogen and NF-κB activation, are of equal importance in the early development of acute pancreatitis. GSK-3β, an essential molecule in multiple physiopathological processes including inflammation, is associated with the expression of the NF-κB pathway.Methods: We investigated whether GSK-3β affected the expression of cytokines produced by intra-acinar cells and aimed to determine the probable regulatory mechanism by using single allele GSK-3β-deficient mice.Results: Our data showed that IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression in pancreatic tissue and serum IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly decreased. Meanwhile, pancreatic phospho-NF-κB p65 (ser536) protein expression in GSK-3β +/− mice was lower than that in wild type (WT) mice.Conclusions: GSK-3β may activate intra-acinar NF-κB signaling to promote the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which then induces the recruitment of inflammatory cells and activation of the cytokine cascade, further promoting local and systemic inflammation and ultimately aggravating acute pancreatitis. These findings strongly indicate that GSK-3β may be a potential treatment target for acute pancreatitis.

Background: With uncontrolled inflammatory progression, acute pancreatitis (AP) can progress to severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Inflammation and parenchymal cell death are key pathologic responses of AP.Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a pro-inflammatory role in AP. Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) is the most essential utilized adaptor of TLR4, but its role in AP remains unclear. We investigated the potential role of MyD88 in the pathogenesis of AP.