Many delicious and nutritional macrofungi are widely distributed and used in East Asian regions, considered as edible and medicinal foods. In this study, 11 species of dried and fresh, edible and medicinal macrofungi, Ganoderma amboinense, Agaricus subrufescens, Dictyophora indusiata, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus geesteranu, Hericium erinaceus, Stropharia rugosoannulata, Pleurotus sapidus, Antrodia camphorata, and Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing, were investigated to determine the content of their nutritional components, including proteins, fat, carbohydrates, trace minerals, coarse cellulose, vitamins, and amino acids. The amino acid patterns and similarity of macrofungi were distinguished through principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analyses, respectively. A total of 103 metabolic small molecules of macrofungi were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and were aggregated by heatmap. Moreover, the macrofungi were classified by principal component analysis based on these metabolites. The results show that carbohydrates and proteins are two main components, as well as the nutritional ingredients, that differ among various species and varied between fresh and dried macrofungi. The amino acid patterns in L. edodes and A. subrufescens were different compared with that of the other tested mushrooms.

Objective: To study the relationship between lymph node metastases in esophageal carcinoma and its prognosis. Methods: We obtained 1500 resected lymph nodes from the specimen of 86 patients with resected esophageal carcinoma and checked these lymph nodes by routine histopathology. Additiionaily, frozen tissue sections of 540 lymph nodes classified as tumor-free by routine histopathology were screened for micrometastases by immunohistology with the monoclonai antibody Ber-EP4. Results: Forty-two patients (49%) had pN0 disease, and 61 patients (71%) had lymph node micrometastases detected by immunohistochemistry, skip metastases detected by routine histopathology were present in 26%(11142) of pN0 and 41%(18/44) of pN1 patients. Skipping of micrometastases detected by immunohistochemistry was found in 71%(61/86). Twenty-six of 42 patients (62%) with tumor staged as pN0 and 35 of 44 patients (80%) with stage pNl had nodal micrometastasis. The presence of micrometastases was associated with a significantly decreased relapse-free time and overall survival (P<0.0001 and P=0.004, respectively).Conclusion: Lymph node skip metastases are a frequent event in esophageal carcinoma. Extensive lymph node sampling, in conjunction with immunohistochemical detection, will lead to accurate staging and prognosis.The prognosis of patients with respectable esophageal carcinoma still remains poor. The 5-year survival rates range from 20% to 36% after intentionally curative surgery t~-31. Early metastatic relapse after

Objective Although the tumor mutation burden (TMB) was reported as a biomarker for immunotherapy of various cancers, whether it can effectively predict the survival prognosis in breast cancer patients remains unclear. In this study, the prognostic value of TMB and its correlation with immune infiltration were explored by using multigroup studies. Methods The somatic mutation data of 986 breast cancer patients were obtained from TCGA database. Breast cancer patients were divided into a low-TMB group and a high-TMB group according to the quartile of TMB scores. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by the “limma” R program. The CIBERSORT algorithm was utilized to estimate the immune cell fraction of each sample. The TIMER database was utilized to evaluate the association between CNVs of immune genes and tumor immune cell infiltration and the prognostic value of the immune cells in breast cancer. Results In breast cancer, TP53, PIK3CA, TTN, CDH1 and other genes were the most important mutated genes. Higher survival rate of patients was found in the low-TMB group. Among the top 10 DEGs, three of them belong to the KRT gene family. GSEA enrichment analysis showed that MAPK, Hedgehog, mTOR, TGF-bate and GnRH signaling pathways were enriched in the low-TMB group. The infiltration levels of the most of immune cells were higher in the low-TMB group (P < 0.01). Higher expression of CCL18 and TRGC1 was correlated with poor prognosis. Breast cancer patients with CCL18 copy number variations, especially arm-level gains, showed significantly decreased immune cell infiltration. In the low B cell infiltration group, the survival prognosis of breast cancer patients was poor. Conclusions TMB is a potential prognosis marker in breast cancer. Immune-related gene CCL18 and TRGC1 are biomarkers of poor prognosis while immune (B cell) infiltration is a biomarker of good prognosis.

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