We report the temperature-dependent evolution of Raman spectra of monolayer WS2 directly CVD-grown on a gold foil and then transferred onto quartz substrates over a wide temperature range from 84 to 543 K. The nonlinear temperature dependence of Raman shifts for both and A1g modes has been observed. The first-order temperature coefficients of Raman shifts are obtained to be −0.0093 (cm−1/K) and −0.0122 (cm−1/K) for and A1g peaks, respectively. A physical model, including thermal expansion and three- and four-phonon anharmonic effects, is used quantitatively to analyze the observed nonlinear temperature dependence. Thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of monolayer WS2 is extracted from the experimental data for the first time. It is found that thermal expansion coefficient of out-plane mode is larger than one of in-plane mode, and TECs of and A1g modes are temperature-dependent weakly and strongly, respectively. It is also found that the nonlinear temperature dependence of Raman shift of mode mainly originates from the anharmonic effect of three-phonon process, whereas one of A1g mode is mainly contributed by thermal expansion effect in high temperature region, revealing that thermal expansion effect cannot be ignored.

MoS₂ films are grown on SiO₂/Si substrates by chemical vapor deposition. The vibrational properties of optical phonons of mono-, bi- and multilayer MoS₂ are studied by Raman scattering spectroscopy over temperature range from 90 to 540 K with 514.5 nm and 785 nm lasers. The Raman peaks of E2g1 and A_1g modes are observed simultaneously for mono-, bi- and multilayer MoS₂ with 514.5 nm laser, but only the Raman peak of E2g1 mode is seen for monolayer MoS₂ as 785 nm laser is used, revealing electron-phonon exchange excitation mechanism of A_1g mode for the first time. The Raman shifts of E2g1 and A_1g modes present obvious nonlinear temperature dependence. A semi-quantitative model is used to fit the nonlinear temperature dependence of Raman shifts which matches well to experimental data. Meanwhile, the fitting results reveal that the nonlinear temperature dependence of Raman shifts of E2g1 mode mainly originates from three-phonon anharmonic effect, while one of A_1g mode is contributed by stronger three- and weaker four-phonon anharmonic effects cooperatively but two contributions are comparable in intensity.

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This article is dedicated to providing a detailed review concerning the SPH-based hydrodynamic simulations for ocean energy devices (OEDs). Attention is particularly focused on three topics that are tightly related to the concerning field, covering (1) SPH-based numerical fluid tanks, (2) multi-physics SPH techniques towards simulating OEDs, and finally (3) computational efficiency and capacity. In addition, the striking challenges of the SPH method with respect to simulating OEDs are elaborated, and the future prospects of the SPH method for the concerning topics are also provided.

Perfect optical vortex beams (POV) have attracted considerable attention in many novel applications because they have the advantage of a radial profile that is independent of the topological charge (TC). Nowadays, there are few effective methods to measure both the integer and the fractional TCs of the POV. In this paper, we achieve the precise measurement of arbitrary TCs through the approach of dynamic angular double slits (ADS), which performs the transformation from the POV to the interference intensity patterns at the angular bisector direction of the ADS. The information of the TC can be obtained from the periodically changing interference pattern. The deviation is less than 2% by comparing the theoretical values with the fitting results, therefore the detection method is effective and reasonable.

The anomalous vortex beam (AVB), whose paraxial local topological charge varies with propagation, has potential applications in quantum information, laser beam shaping, and other fields. However, there are currently no efficient optical devices to generate AVBs. In this paper, we propose an efficient pure-phase device called spiral axicons. We theoretically analyze the spiral axicon, and then experimentally verify its performance by implementing a spiral axicon on spatial light modulator. Our work provides an alternative method for generating AVB, which will facilitate its application in different fields.

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