We present a Gupta–Bleuler quantization scheme for the electromagnetic field in time-dependent dielectric media. Starting from the Maxwell equations, a generalization of the Lorentz gauge condition adapted to time-varying dielectrics is derived. Using this gauge, a Gupta–Bleuler approach to quantize all polarizations of the radiation field and the corresponding constraint condition are introduced. In this case, the contributions of unphysical photons created from vacuum cannot be thoroughly eliminated, which further results in a surface charge density. Finally, a discussion of potential experimental tests is also made, which provides another possible way to detect the dynamical Casimir effect.
We present a Gupta-Bleuler quantization scheme for the electromagnetic field in time-dependent dielectric media. Starting from the Maxwell equations, a generalization of the Lorentz gauge condition adapted to time varying dielectrics is derived. Using this gauge, a Gupta-Bleuler approach to quantize all polarizations of the radiation field and the corresponding constraint condition are introduced. This new approach is different from the quantized electromagnetic field in vacuum in the sense that here the contributions of unphysical photons cannot be thoroughly eliminated, which further lead to a surface charge density. Finally, a discussion of potential experimental tests and possible implication is also made.
In this paper we find that the second law of thermodynamics requires an upper limit of the conductivity. To begin with we present an ideal model, the cavity with a mobile plate, for studying the thermodynamic properties of radiation field. It is shown that the pressure fluctuation of thermal radiation field in the cavity leads to the random motion of the plate and photons would be generated by dynamical Casimir effect. Meanwhile, such photons obey a non-thermal distribution. Then, to ensure the second law of thermodynamics, there must be a upper limit of the conductivity.
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