This study investigated the optimization of ultrasonic-assisted aqueous two-phase synchronous extraction of carbohydrates and polyphenols present in artichoke bud, evaluated their antioxidant activities in vitro, and analyzed the composition of carbohydrates and polyphenols by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The powder mass, ultrasonic time, ammonium sulfate concentration, and alcohol–water ratio were considered the influencing factors based on the single-factor experiment results, and a dual-response surface model was designed to optimize the synchronous extraction process to extract carbohydrates and polyphenols. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the scavenging capacity of ABTS+· and DPPH· and the reducing capacity of Fe3+. The optimal process conditions in this study were as follows: the powder mass of 1.4 g, ammonium sulfate concentration of 0.34 g/mL, alcohol–water ratio of 0.4, and ultrasonic time of 43 min. The polyphenol content in artichoke bud was 5.32 ± 0.13 mg/g, and the polysaccharide content was 74.78 ± 0.11 mg/g. An experiment on in vitro antioxidant activity showed that both carbohydrates and polyphenols had strong antioxidant activities, and the antioxidant activity of polyphenols was stronger than that of carbohydrates. The HPLC analysis revealed that the carbohydrates in artichoke bud were mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose, and the molar ratio was 10.77:25.22:2.37:15.74:125.39:48.62:34.70. The polyphenols comprised chlorogenic acid, 4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, 1,3-dicaffeoylqunic acid, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, cynarin, and isochlorogenic acid C, and the contents were 0.503, 0.029, 0.022, 0.017, 0.008, 0.162, 1.621, 0.030 mg/g, respectively. This study also showed that the carbohydrates and polyphenols in artichoke bud could be important natural antioxidants, and the composition analysis of HPLC provided directions for their future research. Carbohydrates and polyphenols in artichoke buds can be separated and enriched using the optimized process technology, and it is an effective means of extracting ingredients from plants.
AIM: To describe the design and clinical application of a corneal donor dehydrator which can quickly dehydrate corneas and keep its original shape. METHODS: The corneal donor material is placed on stainless steel beads with different diameters in the dehydrating box to make the cornea the same shape as the steel ball. Then, the cornea is placed inside the dehydrater for rapid dehydrating using the internal cleaning and ventilation system. Totally 83 eyes underwent deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) using corneal donor tissue preserved with corneal dehydrater, and 60 patients (60 eyes) received DALK by the same surgeon using corneal donor tissue preserved with glycerol were included in the control group. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), the thickness and transparency of the corneal buttons were recorded. RESULTS: After the completion of dehydrating, all the donor corneas maintained a normal shape without any shrinkage or distortion, and the average intraoperative rehydration time was 43.3±12.1s during operation. The mean BCVA of the dehydrater group was 0.30±0.18 at 1wk and 0.32±0.16 at 1mo, which were statistically better than that of the control group (P<0.001). The score of corneal buttons transparency were lower than that of the control group with statistical difference (P<0.001). The thickness of corneal buttons at 1wk and at 1mo in the dehydrater group was significantly better than that of the control group respectively (P<0.001). One week after operation, no corneal button turbidity or edema was observed in both groups. CONCLUSION: The dehydrater can quickly dehydrate the corneal material in a clean and airtight environment and maintain the original shape of the corneal donor during the dehydrating process. This dehydrater is recommended for long-term high-quality preservation in areas where corneal materials cannot be used within a reasonable time period.
Background To investigate the effects of rigid gas permeable contact lens (RGP-CL) wear on contrast visual acuity in patients after penetrating keratoplasty. Methods Nineteen patients (19 eyes), aged 30.45 ± 5.83 years, who had received penetrating keratoplasty and were successfully fitted with RGP-CLs at our hospital from July 2017 to June 2018 were included. Contrast visual acuities at 100%, 25%, and 10% with spectacles and RGP-CLs were analyzed using the Chi-square test. The wavefront aberrations at the anterior surface of the cornea before and 1 month after RGP-CL wear were compared using the matched sample t-test. Results The mean best spectacle-corrected visual acuities were 0.390 ± 0.135 logMAR, 0.706 ± 0.182 logMAR, and 0.952 ± 0.223 logMAR at the 100%, 25%, and 10% contrast levels, respectively, which were significantly lower than the RGP-CL-corrected visions at the three levels (0.255 ± 0.133 logMAR, 0.488 ± 0.168 logMAR, and 0.737 ± 0.159 logMAR; all P < 0.001). The vision losses with RGP-CLs were 0.231 ± 0.099 logMAR and 0.466 ± 0.094 logMAR at the 25% and 10% contrast levels, respectively. The Zernike spherical aberration Z04 was reduced from 3.734 ± 1.061 μm to 2.622 ± 0.725 μm after wearing the RGP-CLs (P ≤ 0.001). The astigmatism parameters of Z− 22 and Z22 were also reduced from 3.761 ± 2.309 μm and 3.316 ± 2.147 μm to 2.637 ± 1.722 μm and 2.016 ± 1.184 μm, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusion For post-keratoplasty patients, RGP-CLs can help to improve visual performance, especially low contrast visual acuity. The improvement may be related to the reduction of corneal aberrations, mainly the spherical and astigmatism aberrations.
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