Although dysphagia was recognized as a clinical finding in multiple sclerosis (MS) as early as 1877, it has not received enough attention yet. With the progress of diagnostic method for dysphagia, there has been a rapid development in estimating the prevalence of deglutition disorder in MS. In this review, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature to establish the prevalence of dysphagia in multiple sclerosis. We systematically searched Embase, PubMed databases and Cochrane library from 1980 to August 2014, supplemented by hand searching to identify relevant studies. We used random-effects model to calculate pooled prevalence. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored using sensitivity test and subgroup analysis, meta-regression analysis. Of 198 retrieved articles, 15 eligible surveys with a total population of 4,510 met the criteria. Twelve studies provided an estimate based on subjective screening test, which proved substantial heterogeneity (Cochran's χ(2) significant at p < 0.0001; I(2) = 92.4 %, 95 % CI 31-42 %), with a combined prevalence estimate of 36 %. Four studies provided an estimate based on objective measurements (clinical or instrument tools), which were substantial heterogeneity (Cochran's χ(2) significant at p < 0.005; I(2) = 77 %, 95 % CI 67-94 %), with a pooled prevalence estimate of 81 %. A large heterogeneity still existed after conducting several subgroup analyses and sensitivity tests. The findings confirm that more than one-third of the multiple sclerosis patients are suffering from swallowing difficulties. Therefore, we should be careful to interpret the pooled estimate due to the substantial heterogeneity between studies.

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Aim The aim of this study is to investigate the compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue among Chinese frontline nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Wuhan, China and to explore the related factors. Background Frontline nurses undertake a huge nursing workload with a risk of infection, causing great pressure on them and making them face a risk of compassion fatigue during the pandemic. Methods A cross‐sectional online survey was conducted from 9 March to 15 March 2020. A total of 1582 nurses caring for critical patients with COVID‐19 participated. Compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue (comprising burnout and secondary traumatic stress) were assessed with the Professional Quality of Life Scale, and resilience was measured with the Chinese 10‐item Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale. Results Moderate levels of compassion satisfaction (36.99 ± 6.71), burnout (24.14 ± 5.33) and secondary traumatic stress (24.53 ± 5.24) were experienced by frontline nurses. Resilience and perceived work pressure were the main predictors. Conclusions Frontline nurses demonstrated a moderate level of compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue. Implications for nursing management The compassion fatigue of frontline nurses should be considered. Strategies aiming to reduce stress and enhance resilience, such as training about psychological adjustment, developing professional skills and creating a supportive workplace environment, are several options. The trial is not registered. This study is a cross‐sectional study, and according to China's clinical trial registration standards, such studies are not required to be registered. So the trial is not registered. However, oral consent was obtained from the ethics committee of the hospital before this study was conducted.