Classical discharge theory (Townsend and streamer theories) has limitations in explaining nanosecond pulsed gas discharge. In recent years, the research on nanosecond pulsed gas discharge theory based on the high-energy runaway electrons has attracted extensive attention. But so far, there are few studies on the generation mechanism of runaway electrons in atmospheric pressure air nanosecond pulse plate-to-plate discharge, which seriously hinders the application and development of nanosecond pulse discharge plasma. In this paper, a one-dimensional implicit Particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collisions (PIC/MCC) model is developed to investigate the mechanism of runaway electrons generation and breakdown in a 1mm long atmospheric pressure air gap between the plate-plate electrodes driven by a negative nanosecond pulse voltage with an amplitude of 20 kV. The results show that under the influence of space charge dynamics behavior, the electric field enhancement regions appear between the plate-plate electrodes, so that electrons can satisfy the electron runaway criteria and enter the runaway mode. In addition, it is also observed that the pre-ionization effect of the runaway electrons in front of the discharge channel leads to the generation of secondary electron avalanches. As the secondary electron avalanches and the discharge channel continue to converge, the discharge is guided and accelerated, eventually leading to the breakdown of the air gap. This study further reveals the mechanism of nanosecond pulsed plate-plate discharge, expands the basic theory of nanosecond pulsed gas discharge, and opens up new opportunities for the application and development of nanosecond pulsed discharge plasma.
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