Esophageal cancer is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors worldwide. Because of its challenging clinical characteristics, esophageal cancer is a major disease burden on the economy, society, and individuals. There is an urgent need to establish a beneficial policy to reduce the burden and to improve the health‐related quality of life of patients. Primary prevention with smoking cessation and reduction of drinking alcohol are highly recommended. Screening, early diagnosis and treatment are suggested. This study intended to establish a modified future screening model from the social perspective that deploys different strategies for different populations. Risk assessment and community‐based screening are proposed for high‐risk populations. Health education in low‐risk areas could help promote primary prevention to mitigate lifestyle factors and to increase public awareness and potentially to increase screening and early detection.
The use of cheap product gas from biomass air gasification to produce methane via anaerobic digestion is a novel and potential pathway for the large-scale production of biomass-based substitute natural gas (BioSNG). In this experimental work, the product gas biomethanation (PGB) was studied with respect to the biosludge enrichment and inoculum partial grinding as well as the mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The results show that the biosludge enrichment can effectively stop methanogenesis inhibition from the product gas, particularly CO, thus increase the biomethanation reaction rate and shorten the reaction start-up time. The inoculum partial grinding treatment can clearly change the microorganism composition and effectively reduce the diversity of microorganisms in the mixed bacterium system for the mesophilic biomethanation, thereby improving the product gas biomethanation efficiency, which is limited for the thermophilic biomethanation.
In order to utilize a wider range of low-grade syngas, the syngas biomethanation was studied in this work with respect to the gas–liquid mass transfer and the reactor start-up strategy. Two reactors, a continuous stirred tank (CSTR) and a bubble column with gas recirculation (BCR-C), were used in the experiment by feeding an artificial syngas of 20% H2, 50% CO, and 30% CO2 into the reactors at 55 °C. The results showed that the CH4 productivity was slightly increased by reducing the gas retention time (GRT), but was significantly improved by increasing the stirring speed in the CSTR and the gas circulation rate in the BCR-C. The best syngas biomethanation performance of the CSTR with a CH4 productivity of 22.20 mmol∙Lr−1∙day−1 and a yield of 49.01% was achieved at a GRT of 0.833 h and a stirring speed of 300 rpm, while for the BCR-C, the best performance with a CH4 productivity of 61.96 mmol∙Lr−1∙day−1 and a yield of 87.57% was achieved at a GRT of 0.625 h and a gas circulation rate of 40 L∙Lr−1∙h−1. The gas–liquid mass transfer capability provided by gas circulation is far superior to mechanical stirring, leading to a much better performance of low-grade syngas biomethanation in the BCR-C. Feeding H2/CO2 during the startup stage of the reactor can effectively stimulate the growth and metabolism of microorganisms, and create a better metabolic environment for subsequent low-grade syngas biomethanation. In addition, during the thermophilic biomethanation of syngas, Methanothermobacter is the dominant genus.
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