In order to enhance the efficiency and safety of production and management of modern agriculture in China, problems, such as the quality and safety of agricultural products and the pollution of the environment from agricultural activities, should be unraveled. Based on the new generation of information technology (IT), an integrated framework system platform incorporating the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, data mining, and other technologies is investigated and a new proposal for its application in the field of modern agriculture is offered. The experimental framework and simulation design suggest that the basic functions of the monitoring system of the IoT for agriculture can be realized. In addition, the innovation derived from integrating different technologies plays an important role in reducing the cost of system development and ensuring its reliability as well as security. INDEX TERMS Management system, modern agriculture, big data, cloud computing, Internet of Things (IoT).
China is facing both non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and micronutrient deficiency, which have been largely related to transitions within Chinese diets, for example, the overconsumption of vegetable oils and animal-source products and decreasing consumption of coarse staple foods. In this study, we use three metrics—dietary diversity score (DDS), staple diversity score (SDS) and the proportion of coarse staple consumption (PoCS)- to investigate overall dietary transitions as well as trends in staple food consumption for nine provinces in China from 1997 to 2009. We also investigated how household characteristics, community urbanicity, and provincial conditions have affected household diets and the relationship between overall diet and staple diet across socio-economic gradients. Overall dietary diversity (DDS) showed consistent growth across all the provinces and subpopulations and was strongly associated with a household’s socio-economic status. However, staple indicators (SDS and PoCS) showed notable difference both geographically and socio-economically. The relationship between overall dietary indicator (DDS) and staple indicators (SDS, PoCS) across SES gradients revealed that education is a more important influence than income in ensuring dietary balance and nutritional quality. Our findings show that programs aimed at promoting dietary balance and healthy staple diets must account for differences between provinces in terms of agronomic, nutritional, social, and economic conditions. By identifying the socio-economic characteristics and locations of the most nutritionally vulnerable populations, this study also points toward the need for policies that incorporate nutritional considerations into grain production systems and provide a strategy for enhancing China’s national food security.
Cultivated land is crucial to food security, social and economic stability, environmental quality, and sustainable urban–rural development in China and around the world. However, most of the current grading systems for evaluating cultivated land quality in China tend to generate homogeneous results and inadequate spatial descriptions mainly due to the use of a composite index method that often fails to recognize the matching relationship between land use needs and the quality of cultivated land. The purpose of this study is to propose a new grading system for evaluating China's cultivated land quality that involves two index systems and a scoring and grading scheme. In the proposed system, cultivated land quality is redefined in terms of production capacity quality and environmental quality, and the minimum limiting factor method and the weighted linear model are coupled for factor scoring and grading. The new system is demonstrated by a case‐study in Yimen Town, a loess plateau region in western China's Shaanxi Province. The results of this study clearly indicate that the new grading system is superior to the current system when compared using two methods: the spatial pattern comparison method and the crop performance validation method. The results are also favorable in terms of matching relationships between the subclasses of cultivated land quality versus soil types and landforms. The new grading system not only helps to better understand the cultivated land quality but also provides a clear direction for science‐based remediation and amelioration of cultivated land.
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of myopia in key (university‐oriented) and non‐key elementary schools in China using a traditional and a new criterion for myopia diagnosis in an epidemiological study. Methods This school‐based, cross‐sectional study examined students from four key schools and seven non‐key schools. Non‐cycloplegic autorefraction and visual acuity (VA) were performed on each student. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error not better than −1.00 D. A questionnaire was also administered. Results Of the 13,220 students examined, 6,546 (49.5 per cent) had myopia using the criterion of SE not better than −1.00 D. However, 2,246 (34.3 per cent) of these myopes had VA ≥ 0 logMAR in both eyes, indicating they were not functioning as myopes. Thus, a second myopia criterion was adopted: SE refractive error not better than −1.00 D + uncorrected VA ≥ 0 logMAR in at least one eye. By this definition, only 32.5 per cent of the overall sample had myopia. Students in key schools had a higher prevalence of myopia than those in non‐key schools (53.8 per cent versus 44.7 per cent) by the initial criterion. By the new criterion, the prevalence of myopia was 41.2 per cent versus 22.7 per cent. Myopia was equal in grade 1 of both school types, but accelerated faster in key schools, where there was a much higher prevalence of myopia by fourth grade, and continued up to 79.2 per cent prevalence by sixth grade based on SE refractive error not better than −1.00 D. Conclusion Students in more competitive university‐oriented elementary schools developed myopia much faster than those in regular schools, although they started with the same level of myopia. Since one‐third of the ‘myopes’ had VA ≥ 0 logMAR in both eyes, they would not be prescribed a correction, or be clinically treated as myopes. A new criterion of SE refractive error not better than −1.00 D + uncorrected VA ≥ 0 logMAR in at least one eye was tested. This criterion is more clinically appropriate and could be used in future epidemiological studies.
Purpose. To assess the changing profile of astigmatism in Chinese schoolchildren and the association between astigmatism changes and ocular biometry. Methods. We examined and followed up 1,463 children aged 6–9 years from Wenzhou, China. We measured noncycloplegic refraction twice each year and tested axial length (AL) and corneal radius of curvature (CRC) annually for two years. We defined clinically significant astigmatism (CSA) as ≤−0.75 diopter (D) and non-CSA astigmatism as ≤0 to >−0.75 D. Results. Prevalence of CSA at baseline was 22.4% (n = 327) and decreased to 20.3% (n = 297) at the two-year follow-up (P=0.046). Ninety-two (8.1%) non-CSA children developed CSA. In multiple regression, after adjusting for age, gender, baseline cylinder refraction, and axis, children who had longer baseline ALs (>23.58 mm; odds ratio (OR) = 5.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.72–9.90) and longer baseline AL/CRC ratio (>2.99, OR = 4.99, 95% CI: 2.37–10.51) were more likely to develop CSA after two years. Four-hundred and two (27.5%) children had increased astigmatism, 783 (53.5%) had decreased, and 278 (19.0%) had no change during the two-year follow-up. Children with increased astigmatism had longer baseline ALs (23.33 mm, P<0.001), higher AL/CRC ratios (2.99 mm, P<0.001), and more negative spherical equivalent refraction (SER) (−0.63 D, P<0.001) compared with the decreased and no astigmatism change subgroups. Also, children in the increased astigmatism subgroup had more AL growth (0.68 mm, P<0.001), higher increases in AL/CRC ratio (0.08, P<0.001), and more negative SER change (−0.86 D, P<0.001) compared with the decreased and no astigmatism change subgroups. Conclusions. The prevalence of astigmatism decreased slightly over the two-year study period. Longer ALs and higher AL/CRC ratios were independent risk factors for developing CSA. Increased astigmatism was associated with AL growth, AL/CRC ratio increases, and the development of myopia. This trial is registered with ChiCTR1800019915.
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