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Travel and tourism represent important economic activities that contribute to the vibrancy of regional economies and provide a source of both entrepreneurial and household income. Understanding the role of tourism in providing household income requires a thorough assessment of occupational structure and labour market characteristics. Furthermore, spatial differences of where labour is employed and income is generated are needed to understand better the role of tourism across the varied landscapes of alternative region types; from urban and suburban communities to remote, rural towns. This paper reports on a detailed assessment of income distribution resulting from wage and salary employment in tourism-sensitive sectors. Empirically, this was accomplished using secondary data from a variety of standardized sources for counties at state in the Upper Midwest portion of the USA. The results suggest that aggregate statistics on total jobs created and income generated mask important elements that allow a more complete understanding of the jobs and income created by travel and tourism sectors as they respond to the spending of tourists. Income inequality in tourism employment is both a sector-specific and spatial attribute.

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Abstract:In order to fully explore the fertilizer use intensity and its potential threats to the ecological environment, this paper has studied the decomposition of fertilizer use intensity and its environmental risk in China's grain production. Based on the statistical data collected from 10 provinces during 2004-2015 in China's grain producing areas, this paper has analyzed the effect of fertilizer use intensity from a regional perspective. The environmental risk assessment model considers some factors such as the fertilizer application safety thresholds use efficiency, multiple cropping index, and environmental impact weight. The fertilizer application safety thresholds are calculated on the target output of local food crops. The results show that: (1) during 2004-2015, the fertilizer use intensity shows an increasing trend in China's grain producing areas, and the intensity is significantly higher than the upper limit of the international safety fertilization; (2) the cumulative contribution rate of the increase of fertilizer use intensity caused by regional fertilizer use efficiency and grain planting structure adjustment are 57.03% and 1.81% respectively; (3) in 2015, China's grain producing areas' environmental risk index of phosphorus and potash was low, with the values in these two provinces being quite different and indicating the characteristics of aggregation and distribution. Therefore, the Chinese government should unswervingly encourage the application of some technology that could save fertilizer and increase efficiency, establish environmental risk monitoring and control systems, and improve relevant policies and regulations.

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