The relations of parenting and temperament (effortful control and anger/frustration) to children's externalizing problems were examined in a 3.8-year longitudinal study of 425 native Chinese children (6 -9 years) from Beijing. Children's experience of negative life events and coping efficacy were examined as mediators in the parenting and temperament-externalizing relations. Parents reported on their own parenting. Parents and teachers rated temperament. Children reported on negative life events and coping efficacy. Parents, teachers, children, or peers rated children's externalizing problems. Authoritative and authoritarian parenting and anger/frustration uniquely predicted externalizing problems. The relation between authoritarian parenting and externalizing was mediated by children's coping efficacy and negative school events. The results suggest there is some crosscultural universality in the developmental pathways for externalizing problems.The development of externalizing problems (i.e., aggression and rule-breaking/delinquent behaviors; Achenbach, 2001) has been related to both parenting and child temperament (Dodge, Coie, & Lynam, 2006). Due to the frequent covariation between parenting and temperament (Sanson & Rothbart, 1995), it is important to study their unique relations to externalizing problems. Moreover, relatively little is known regarding the processes underlying the relations of parenting and temperament to externalizing problems. We addressed these questions by examining the prospective and unique relations of authoritative and authoritarian parenting and temperamental effortful control and anger/frustration to school-age children's externalizing problems in urban China. We further tested whether children's experience of negative life events (NLEs) and coping efficacy (CE) partly mediated the parenting-and
NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptChild Dev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 October 15.
Published in final edited form as:Child Dev. 2008 ; 79(3): 493-513. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01139.x.
NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript temperament-externalizing relations. This study provided a unique opportunity to examine the cross-cultural generalizability of developmental theories on externalizing problems.
Unique Relations of Parenting and Temperament to Chinese Children's Externalizing Problems ParentingIn their coercive social learning theory, Patterson and colleagues (Patterson, 1982;Reid, Patterson, & Snyder, 2002) hypothesized that coercive and punitive parenting plays a key role in training children's externalizing behaviors. The coercive training process often begins with the parent's aversive intrusion into the child's activities (e.g., scolding or punishing the child for an undesirable behavior), followed by the child's negative reactions (e.g., yelling and complaining) and negative reinforcement of this aversive behavior by parental withdrawal of demands. The theory was supported by longitudinal studies revealing a positive r...
Vocal communication accounts for dominantly percentage within animal species.The information of vocal samples contains not only the amplitude of objects, but also the emotional states behind it. However, to extract the emotion state behind the sound remains controversial. Here we introduce an artificial network method, the Back Propagation Neural Network, BPNN, to classify the emotional states behind the sound. The results disclosed the behaviour categories, including alarm, flight, begging and singing which has been successfully classified. This artificial intelligence classification may aid us to distinguish the ecological categories via animal vocal communication and to discover its significance of evolution and nature.
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