Manufactured fullerene nanoparticles easily enter into cells and hence have been rapidly developed for biomedical uses. However, it is generally unknown which route the nanoparticles undergo when crossing cell membranes and where they localize to the intracellular compartments. Herein we have used both microscopic imaging and biological techniques to explore the processes of [C(60)(C(COOH)(2))(2)](n) nanoparticles across cellular membranes and their intracellular translocation in 3T3 L1 and RH-35 living cells. The fullerene nanoparticles are quickly internalized by the cells and then routed to the cytoplasm with punctate localization. Upon entering the cell, they are synchronized to lysosome-like vesicles. The [C(60)(C(COOH)(2))(2)](n) nanoparticles entering cells are mainly via endocytosis with time-, temperature- and energy-dependent manners. The cellular uptake of [C(60)(C(COOH)(2))(2)](n) nanoparticles was found to be clathrin-mediated but not caveolae-mediated endocytosis. The endocytosis mechanism and the subcellular target location provide key information for the better understanding and predicting of the biomedical function of fullerene nanoparticles inside cells.

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We consider the semilinear Schrödinger equationwhere f is a superlinear, subcritical nonlinearity. We mainly study the case whereN ) and lim |x|→∞ V 1 (x) = 0. Inspired by previous work of Li et al. [14], Pankov [20] and Szulkin and Weth [25], we develop a more direct approach to generalize the main result in [25] by removing the " strictly increasing" condition in the Nehari type assumption on f (x, t)/|t|. Unlike the Nahari manifold method, the main idea of our approach lies on finding a minimizing Cerami sequence for the energy functional outside the Nehari-Pankov manifold N 0 by using the diagonal method.

a b s t r a c tWe consider the semilinear Schrödinger equationwhere V (x) is asymptotically periodic and sign-changing, f (x, u) is asymptotically periodic in x, and asymptotically linear as |u| → ∞. Under some weak assumptions on V and f , we prove that the above problem has a nontrivial solution.

This paper is dedicated to studying the following Schrödinger-Poisson problem − u + V (x)u + φu = f (u), x ∈ R 3 , − φ = u 2 , x ∈ R 3 , where V (x) is weakly differentiable and f ∈ C(R, R). By introducing some new tricks, we prove the above problem admits a ground state solution of Nehari-Pohozaev type and a least energy solution under mild assumptions on V and f. Our results generalize and improve the ones in [D.

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The aim of the study was to compare the therapeutic efficacy of total body irradiation (TBI)/cyclophosphamide (CY) versus BU/CY as conditioning regimen for leukemia. We electronically searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Embase, CIBMTR and critically appraised all relevant articles (1990.01-2009.04). Comparative studies were evaluated on clinical therapeutic effects of TBI/CY and busulphan BU/CY regimens with assessement of engraftment, relapse, complications, and disease-free survival (DFS). Eighteen trials totaling 3172 patients have been assessed. Pooled comparisons of studies indicated that for patients with acute leukemia (ALL and AML), the TBI/CY regimen lead to lower rates of leukemia relapse, lower transplant-related mortality (TRM), and higher DFS, while for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), the TBI/CY regimen had a higher rate of leukemia relapse, lower TRM, and similar DFS. The TBI/CY regimen was associated with similar occurrence of engraftment, acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but with higher rates of cataract [odds ratio (OR) 12.69, p = 0.01], interstitial pneumonitis, later growth or development problems [OR 5.04, p = 0.008]. BU/CY regimen was associated with higher rates of complications like liver veno-occlusive disease [OR 0.43, p < 0.00001], hemorrhagic cystitis, and TRM. Our meta-analysis confirmed that different regimens and type of leukemia may affect the complications and outcome. An analysis of the effects of other regimens need to be carried out by large sample and well-designed clinical trials.