The peptide‐based therapeutic cancer vaccines have attracted enormous attention in recent years as one of the effective treatments of tumour immunotherapy. Most of peptide‐based vaccines are based on epitope peptides stimulating CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T helper cells to target tumour‐associated antigens (TAAs) or tumour‐specific antigens (TSAs). Some adjuvants and nanomaterials have been exploited to optimize the efficiency of immune response of the epitope peptide to improve its clinical application. At present, numerous peptide‐based therapeutic cancer vaccines have been developed and achieved significant clinical benefits. Similarly, the combination of peptide‐based vaccines and other therapies has demonstrated a superior efficacy in improving anti‐cancer activity. We delve deeper into the choices of targets, design and screening of epitope peptides, clinical efficacy and adverse events of peptide‐based vaccines, and strategies combination of peptide‐based therapeutic cancer vaccines and other therapies. The review will provide a detailed overview and basis for future clinical application of peptide‐based therapeutic cancer vaccines.

Mapping tumor metabolic remodeling and their spatial crosstalk with surrounding non-tumor cells can fundamentally improve our understanding of tumor biology, facilitates the designing of advanced therapeutic strategies. Here, we present an integration of mass spectrometry imaging-based spatial metabolomics and lipidomics with microarray-based spatial transcriptomics to hierarchically visualize the intratumor metabolic heterogeneity and cell metabolic interactions in same gastric cancer sample. Tumor-associated metabolic reprogramming is imaged at metabolic-transcriptional levels, and maker metabolites, lipids, genes are connected in metabolic pathways and colocalized in the heterogeneous cancer tissues. Integrated data from spatial multi-omics approaches coherently identify cell types and distributions within the complex tumor microenvironment, and an immune cell-dominated “tumor-normal interface” region where tumor cells contact adjacent tissues are characterized with distinct transcriptional signatures and significant immunometabolic alterations. Our approach for mapping tissue molecular architecture provides highly integrated picture of intratumor heterogeneity, and transform the understanding of cancer metabolism at systemic level.

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy is a treatment strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, its clinical efficacy is limited to a select subset of patients. Next-generation sequencing has identified the value of tumor mutation burden (TMB) as a predictor for ICB efficacy in multiple types of tumor, including HCC. Specific driver gene mutations may be indicative of a high TMB (TMB-H) and analysis of such mutations may provide novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of TMB-H and potential therapeutic strategies. In the present study, a hybridization-capture method was used to target 1.45 Mb of the genomic sequence (coding sequence, 1 Mb), analyzing the somatic mutation landscape of 81 HCC tumor samples. Mutations in five genes were significantly associated with TMB-H, including mutations in tumor protein 53 (TP53), Catenin ® 1 (CTNNB1), AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A (ARID1A), myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) and nuclear receptor co-repressor 1 (NCOR1). Further analysis using The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma database showed that TP53, CTNNB1 and MLL mutations were positively correlated with TMB-H. Meanwhile, mutations in ARID1A, TP53 and MLL were associated with poor overall survival of patients with HCC. Overall, TMB-H and associated driver gene mutations may have potential as predictive biomarkers of ICB therapy efficacy for treatment of patients with HCC.

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Molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe 2 ) has attracted evergrowing attention in recent years due to its novel characteristics in spintronics and phase-engineering, and an efficient and convenient method to achieve large-area high-quality film is an essential step toward electronic applications. However, the growth of large-area monolayer MoTe 2 is challenging. Here, for the first time, we achieve the growth of a centimetersized monoclinic MoTe 2 monolayer and manifest the mechanism of immobilized precursor particle driven growth. Microscopic characterizations reveal an obvious trend of immobilized precursor particles being consumed by the monolayer and continuing to provide a source for the growth of the monolayer. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry verifies the attachment of hydroxide ions on the surface of the MoTe 2 monolayer, thereby realizing the inhibition of crystal growth along the [001] zone axis and the continuous growth of the MoTe 2 monolayer. The first-principles DFT calculations prove the mechanism of immobilized precursor particles and the absorption of hydroxide ions on the MoTe 2 monolayer. The as-grown MoTe 2 monolayer exhibits a surface roughness of 0.19 nm and average conductivity of 1.5 × 10 −5 S/m, which prove the smoothness and uniformity of the MoTe 2 monolayer. Temperature-dependent electrical measurements together with the transfer characteristic curves further demonstrate the typical semimetallic properties of monoclinic MoTe 2 . Our research elaborates the microscopic process of immobilized precursor particles to grow large-area MoTe 2 monolayer and provides a new thinking about the growth of many other two-dimensional materials.

Adding ferromagnetism into semiconductors attracts muchattentions due to its potential usage of magnetic spins in novel devices,s uch as spin field-effect transistors.H owever,i t remains challenging to stabilizet heir ferromagnetism above room temperature.H ere we introduce an atomic chemicalsolution strategy to groww afer-sizeN iO thin films with controllable thickness down to sub-nanometer scale (0.92 nm) for the first time.S urface lattice defects break the magnetic symmetry of NiO and produce surface ferromagnetic behaviors.O ur sub-nanometric NiO thin film exhibits the highest reported room-temperature ferromagnetic behavior with asaturation magnetization of 157 emu/cc and coercivity of 418 Oe. Attributed to wafer size, the easily-transferred NiO thin film is further verified in am agnetoresistance device.O ur work provides as ub-nanometric platform to produce wafer-size ferromagnetic NiO thin films as atomic layer magnetic units in future transparent magnetoelectric devices.

Currently, polyimine vitrimer is restricted by unitary functionality and poor responsiveness to external stimuli, thus showing limited potentials for broader applications as a kind of smart material. Herein, we reported a thermal, near-infrared light, and amine solvent triple-responsive polyimine vitrimer (ACAT-vitrimer) by incorporating oligoaniline into a traditional imine-type vitrimer through the polycondensation reaction of terephthaldehyde, m-xylylene diamine, and tris (2-aminoethyl) amine. The material exhibited superior mechanical properties, thermal stability, rheology, welding property, and recyclability. More interestingly, the ACAT vitrimer also demonstrated a unique photothermal conversion property. Compared with traditional hot-pressing method, the photoinduced shape memory behavior of the ACAT-vitrimer was much more controllable and efficient. Additionally, the ACATvitrimer exhibited accelerated photohealing/welding and complete destructing behaviors under the irradiation of near-infrared (NIR) light, which was reported for the first time as a kind of imine-based vitrimer. Such easy fabrication strategy combining dynamic covalent chemistry with a spatiotemporally controllable photothermal effect provided an efficient approach to convert the conventional imine-type vitrimer into stimulus-responsive materials for broader applications.

Chinese Medicinal Yam (CMY) has been prescribed as medicinal food for thousand years in China by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) practitioners. Its medical benefits include nourishing the stomach and spleen to improve digestion, replenishing lung and kidney, etc., according to the TCM literature. As living standard rises and public health awareness improves in recent years, the potential medicinal benefits of CMY have attracted increasing attention in China. It has been found that the observed climate change in last several decades, together with the change in economic structure, has driven significant shift in the pattern of the traditional CMY planting areas. To identify suitable planting area for CMY in the near future is critical for ensuring the quality and Dongli Fan and Honglin Zhong have contributed equally to this work.Environ Geochem Health (2020) 42:987-1000 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00437-w( 0123456789().,-volV) (0123456789().,-volV) Hebei, and western Shandong. The climate suitability of these areas will be improved due to global warming in the next 50 years, and therefore, they will continue to be the most suitable CMY planting regions.