Atomically thin two-dimensional
(2D) materials face significant
energy barriers for synthesis and processing into functional metastable
phases such as Janus structures. Here, the controllable implantation
of hyperthermal species from pulsed laser deposition (PLD) plasmas
is introduced as a top-down method to compositionally engineer 2D
monolayers. The kinetic energies of Se clusters impinging on suspended
monolayer WS2 crystals were controlled in the <10 eV/atom
range with in situ plasma diagnostics to determine
the thresholds for selective top layer replacement of sulfur by selenium
for the formation of high quality WSSe Janus monolayers at low (300
°C) temperatures and bottom layer replacement for complete conversion
to WSe2. Atomic-resolution electron microscopy and spectroscopy
in tilted geometry confirm the WSSe Janus monolayer. Molecular dynamics
simulations reveal that Se clusters implant to form disordered metastable
alloy regions, which then recrystallize to form highly ordered structures,
demonstrating low-energy implantation by PLD for the synthesis of
2D Janus layers and alloys of variable composition.
The etiology of schizophrenia (SZ) is complex and largely unknown. Neuroimaging and postmortem studies have suggested white matter disturbances in SZ. In the present study, we tested the white matter deficits hypothesis of SZ using a mouse model of SZ induced by NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. We found that mice with repeated chronic MK-801 administration showed increased locomotor activity in the open field test, less exploration of a novel environment in the hole-board test, and increased anxiety in the elevated plus maze but no impairments were observed in coordination or motor function on accelerating rota-rod. The total white matter volume and corpus callosum volume in mice treated with MK-801 were significantly decreased compared to control mice treated with saline. Myelin basic protein and 2 0 , 3 0 -cyclic nucleotide 3 0 -phosphodiesterase were also significantly decreased in the mouse model of SZ. Furthermore, we observed degenerative changes of myelin sheaths in the mouse model of SZ. These results provide further evidence of white matter deficits in SZ and indicate that the animal model of SZ induced by MK-801 is a useful model to investigate mechanisms underlying white
The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) combined with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in treating pediatric hepatoblastoma. Twelve patients with initially unresectable hepatoblastoma were enrolled in the study. All patients received chemotherapy, TACE, and HIFU ablation. Follow-up materials were obtained in all patients. The tumor response, survival rate, and complications were analyzed. Complete ablation was achieved in 10 patients (83.3%), and the alpha-fetoprotein level was also decreased to normal in these patients. The mean follow-up time was 13.3 6 1.8 months (range, 2-25 months). At the end of follow-up, two patients died from tumor progression, the other 10 patients were alive. One patient was found to have lung metastasis after HIFU and had an operation to remove the lesion. The median survival time was 14 months, and the 1-and 2-year survival rates were 91.7% and 83.3%, respectively. Complications included fever, transient impairment of hepatic function, and mild malformation of ribs. Conclusion: HIFU combined with TACE is a safe and promising method with a low rate of severe complications. As a noninvasive approach, it may provide a novel local therapy for patients with unresectable hepatoblastoma. (HEPATOLOGY 2014;59:170-177)
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.