An
exfoliated montmorillonite (E-MMT) was prepared by introducing
Ni2+ and melamine formaldehyde into layers of MMT. The
E-MMT was applied to regulate the flame retardant properties of polypropylene
(PP)/intumescent flame retardant (IFR) composites. The IFR used consists
of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and a charring agent, 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-trimorpholinyl
(TTM). The results revealed that the E-MMT has good synergistic effect
on flame retardancy of PP/IFR composites. The PP composites with 16
wt % IFR and 3 wt % E-MMT can pass the UL94 V-0 test. Moreover, the
E-MMT not only improves the char residues of IFR and PP/IFR blend
but also changes the micromorphology of char, turning the compact
surface char produced by PP/IFR into microporous char. This microporous
char is so good for isolating heat and mass between PP and the outside
that a better flame retardant property is obtained.
BackgroundNonstructural protein 1 (NS1) Ag-based tests are useful for detecting dengue virus (DENV), but there is lack of evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of NS1 Ag-based tests in Asian population. Thus, we conducted this meta-analysis to obtain the overall estimated and summarized performance of the NS1 Ag-based tests in the detection of DENV in Asia.MethodsPubMed, Embase and Medline were searched for studies that evaluated the diagnostic validity of NS1 Ag-based tests between January 1990 and November 2014. Data were analyzed by Meta-Disc and STATA software.ResultsA total of 18 studies including 3342 dengue cases and 1904 control cases which fulfilled the inclusion criteria were considered for analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity for NS1 Ag-based tests was 66 % (95 % CI 64.5–67.5) and 97.9 % (95 % CI 97.3–100), respectively. STRIP has the overall highest sensitivity (72.9 %, 95 % CI 70.1–75.5). According to viral serotype, the test with the highest sensitivity for DENV1, DENV2 and DENV3 were Platelia (83.7 %, 95 % CI 79.7–87.1), Panbio (71.8 %, 95 % CI 65.5–80.9) and STRIP (81.9 %, 95 % CI 75.5–87.2) respectively. The highest sensitivity for primary infection was Platelia (95.1 %, 95 % CI 92.6–96.9) and for secondary infection was STRIP (64 %, 95 % CI 53.2–73.9).ConclusionOur meta-analysis suggests that NS1 Ag-based test is a good diagnostic method for DENV with a high specificity. However, viral serotype, serological status, clinical severity and the duration of illness are the main factors influencing the diagnostic accuracy.
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