An urgent need for early detection and diagnosis of diseases continuously pushes the advancements of imaging modalities and contrast agents. Nanoparticles as imaging contrast agents demonstrate more advantages and have promise to greatly benefit clinical practice.

Anti-tumor therapy during the follow-up period, without a history of anti-tumor therapy prior to HCC rupture, small tumor length and number, and early BCLC stage are the most crucial predictors associated with satisfactory overall survival. Other factors play only a small role in overall survival.