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IntroductionMany studies suggest that Tai Chi exercise is a safe and appropriate mind-body exercise for older people and effectively slows down age-related cognitive decline. A set of bespoke Tai Chi exercise named ‘Cognition Protecting Tai Chi’ (CPT) has been created for older people with cognitive impairments by the research team of geriatricians, neurologists, rehabilitation specialists, experts of sports medicine and experienced practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine. This trial is designed to evaluate its effects on cognitive function, behaviour/moods, risk of falls and activities of daily living of the participants with mild dementia.Methods and analysisA randomised controlled study will be conducted. Eighty participants with mild dementia will be recruited and randomly allocated to an intervention group and a control group. The intervention group will practice the CPT exercise three times a week for 20 min each time under the guidance of professional therapists. The control group will continue receiving their routine treatments. The duration of this study will be 10 months. All participants will be assessed with a battery of neuropsychological and functional evaluations, which include Mini Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the WHO-University of California Los Angeles-Auditory Verbal Learning test (WHO-UCLA-AVLT), Trail Making Test (TMT), Geriatric Depression Scale, Neuropsychological Inventory and Barthel Index, at the baseline, 5 and 10 months during the study period. Fall incident will also be recorded. The primary outcome will be the WHO-UCLA-AVLT delayed recall score. The secondary outcome will be the TMT score.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by the ethical review committee of the Beijing Geriatric Hospital (protocol number: 2015–021). Informed consent will be obtained from all participants or their guardians. The authors intend to submit the findings of the study to peer-reviewed journals or academic conferences to be published.Trial registration numberNCT16009872; Pre-results.

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The complete pathophysiology of septic encephalopathy is unknown, but several mechanisms including inflammatory mediators, the alteration of amino acids and of neurotransmitters, oxidative stress have been suggested. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of voluntary wheel running on norepinephrine（NE) mechanism in striatum in the rats with septic encephalopathy. Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following 3 groups: sham group (S), cecal ligation and puncture group (CLP), exercise preconditioning and cecal ligation and puncture group (EC). The striatal dialysate samples were detected by the high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC). The S100β levels in the serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After CLP surgery, significantly higher the NE level was found in CLP group than in the EC group (P<0.01). Furthermore, serum S100β level was significantly increased in the CLP group compared to that of the S and EC groups (P<0.001). We concluded that exercise preconditioning can inhibit increase of NE during septic encephalopathy, thereby improving brain tissue damage.

Physical exercise has been demonstrated to be neuroprotective in ischemia models. However, the exact neuroprotective mechanism needs to be further studied. The purpose of this research is to discuss the effect of pre-ischemic voluntary wheel running on levels of dopamine in the striatum and cognition in ischemia rats. 12 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly in following two groups: 0 week pre-ischemia wheel running（0-WR）group and 4 weeks pre-ischemia wheel running（4-WR）group. After training, global cerebral ischemia was induced by two-vessel occlusion (2-VO). Microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatography system (HPLC) were used to collect and determine dopamine in the dialysates of striatum. Passive avoidance was used to test cognitive function 24 h after ischemia. The results showed that striatal dopamine of 0-WR group was rapid increasing after ischemia, but the increase of striatal dopamine level was attenuated in 4 weeks group. Behavioral data indicated that voluntary wheel running promoted cognition recovery after ischemia. Thus, pre-ischemia voluntary wheel running attenuates the increase of dopamine of striatum induced by cerebral ischemia and improves cognitive function in ischemia rats.

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There is no definite conclusion about the relationship among physical function，cognition and emotion so far. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between physical function and cognitive and emotional state of the youth fencing athletes by evaluating their body function and cognition and emotion. 40 elite fencing athletes are recruited. All athletes have to be tested their body composition information, physical function, simple reaction time, attention and emotion. The results suggest that physical function has correlation with cognition including their simple reaction time and attention. In addition, the simple reaction time has negative correlation with shoulder mobility and in-line lunge, attention has negative correlation with trunk stability. And trunk stability has correlation with trait anxiety but has no correlation with other affective trait.

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